Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternaryingasetyenziselwa ngokukhuselekileyo ukubulala iintsholongwaneukulima iintlanzi, kodwa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe indlela echanekileyo yokusetyenziswa kunye nokugxila ukuze kuthintelwe ukonzakala kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

1,Yintoni ityuwa ye-quaternary ammonium
Ityuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternarysisibulali-ntsholongwane esingabizi kakhulu, esisebenzayo, nesisetyenziswa kakhulu ngefomyula yeekhemikhali (CnH2n+1) (CH3) 3N+X-, apho i-X- inokuba yi-Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, njl. Kwisisombululo samanzi, sibonakala njengejeli okanye ulwelo kwaye sinokubulala ngokukhawuleza iintsholongwane ezifana neebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, iifungi, njl. Ayichaphazeleki lula zizinto eziphilayo kunye nobunzima bamanzi.
2,Umgaqo wokubulala iintsholongwaneiityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary
Umgaqo wokubulala iintsholongwane kwiityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium kukutshabalalisa i-membrane yeseli kunye neeproteni zeebhaktheriya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zilahlekelwe ngamandla azo okukhula nokuzala. Isiphumo sokubulala iintsholongwane kwiityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium sinxulumene nezinto ezifana noxinzelelo, ixabiso le-pH, ixesha lokudibana, kunye nobushushu.
3,Indlela yokusebenzisa i-quaternary ammonium salts ngokuchanekileyo
1. Ulawulo lokugxila
Xa kusetyenziswa iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary ukubulala iintsholongwane kwi-aquaculture, uxinzelelo kufuneka lulawulwe ngokobungakanani kunye nobunzima bomzimba wamanzi. Ngokubanzi, ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwe-0.1% -0.2% ityuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternary kunokubulala iintsholongwane ngempumelelo, kodwa akunakudlula kwi-0.5%.
2. Ixesha lonxibelelwano
Xa usebenzisa iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium ukubulala iintsholongwane, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba zidibana ngokupheleleyo nomphezulu wamanzi namanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kucetyiswa ukuba zibulawe iintsholongwane imizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-2.
3. Ulawulo lwefrikhwensi
Xa usebenzisa iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium ukubulala iintsholongwane, kufuneka kulawulwe ukuba zininzi kangakanani na iintsholongwane. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kunokubangela umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo yasemanzini, kwaye ngokubanzi akufuneki kudlule kube kanye ngeveki.
4, Amanyathelo okhuseleko
1. Thintela ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo
Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium kunokunyusa umxholo we-ammonia nitrogen kunye ne-nitrogen kwiindawo zamanzi, okuchaphazela imeko-bume yendalo yeendawo zamanzi kwaye kukhokelela kwiingxaki ezifana nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
2. Kuphephe ukuxuba nezinye iziyobisi
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary akufuneki zidityaniswe nezinye izibulali-ntsholongwane, kungenjalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iimpembelelo zeekhemikhali, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala iintsholongwane kwaye ivelise izinto ezinobungozi.
3. Nika ingqalelo kukhuseleko lomntu
Ityuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternarysisibulali-ntsholongwane esingadli kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka unxibe iiglavu xa usisebenzisa, uphephe ukudibana namehlo nomlomo. Ukuba sityiwe okanye singene emehlweni ngempazamo, hlamba ngoko nangoko kwaye ufune uncedo lwezonyango.
5, Uhlalutyo loKhuseleko
Nangonaiityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternaryZisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezibulali-ntsholongwane, kusafuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo indlela echanekileyo yokusebenzisa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ukuze kuthintelwe iziphumo ezibi kwindalo esingqongileyo yasemanzini nakwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Izifundo ezinxulumene noko zibonise ukuba phantsi kokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo koxinzelelo kunye nokuphindaphinda kokubulala iintsholongwane, iityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium azinatyhefu ingakoizinto eziphilayo zasemanzinikwaye aziyi kuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kubo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwetyuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternaryi-trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)Ibonakala kakhulu kwiimpawu zayo ze-surfactant kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali:
Umsebenzi womphezulu:ityuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternaryUlwakhiwo lwayo luyinika iipropati ezimbini ze-hydrophilicity kunye ne-hydrophobicity, nto leyo enokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu wolwelo. Kwiisepha, olu phawu lunceda ukususa amabala eoyile: isiphelo se-hydrophilic sidibana namanzi, kwaye isiphelo se-hydrophobic sidibana neoyile, senza ii-micelles ukuze zigqume ukungcola.
Uzinzo lwesakhiwo: I-polarity ye-nitrogen oxygen bond (N → O) yeetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium inamandla, nto leyo enokuzinzisa ulwakhiwo lweeproteni olunemilinganiselo emithathu. Kwi-osmotic pressure regulation, iiproteni zikhuselwe kwizinto ezitshintshayo ezifana ne-urea kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen ngokusebenzisana kwetshaja.
Ipropati yokuxoxisa ebuthathaka: Njenge-oxidant ethambileyo, iiathom zeoksijini ezikwi-ityuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternaryisakhiwo sayo singadluliselwa kwezinye izinto (ezifana neempendulo zokwenziwa kwe-aldehyde) size sizihlisele kwi-trimethylamine

Isishwankathelo,iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternaryingasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane kwizilwanyana zasemanzini, kodwa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iindlela zokusetyenziswa ezichanekileyo kunye nobungakanani ukuze kuthintelwe ukonzakala kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.