Inkukhu yeyona mveliso inkulu yenyama eveliswayo nesetyenziswayo ehlabathini. Malunga nama-70% enkukhu yehlabathi ivela kwiinkukhu zenyama ezimhlophe. Inkukhu yeyona mveliso yesibini ngobukhulu eTshayina. Inkukhu eTshayina ikakhulu ivela kwiinkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba kunye neenkukhu ezityheli ezineentsiba. Igalelo leenkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba kwimveliso yenkukhu eTshayina limalunga nama-45%, kwaye elo leenkukhu zenyama ezimhlophe limalunga nama-38%.

I-White feathered broiler yeyona inexabiso eliphantsi lokutya kwenyama, inqanaba eliphezulu lokufuya kakhulu kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuxhomekeka ngaphandle. Iintlobo ze-Yellow feathered broiler ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yaseTshayina zonke ziintlobo ezizifuyileyo, kwaye inani leentlobo ezikhuliswayo lelona likhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo zemfuyo kunye neenkukhu, nto leyo engumzekelo ophumeleleyo wokuguqula inzuzo yezixhobo zeentlobo zasekuhlaleni zibe yinzuzo kwimveliso.

1, Imbali yophuhliso lweentlobo zeenkukhu

Inkukhu yasekhaya yafuywa yi-Asian jungle pheasant kwiminyaka eyi-7000-10000 eyadlulayo, kwaye imbali yayo yokufuywa ingalandelwa emva kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-1000 BC. Inkukhu yasekhaya ifana nenkukhu yokuqala ngokwemilo yomzimba, umbala weentsiba, ingoma njalo njalo. Izifundo ze-cytogenetic kunye ne-morphological zibonakalise ukuba inkukhu yokuqala ngukhokho ngqo wenkukhu yasekhaya yanamhlanje. Kukho iintlobo ezine ze-genus Gallinula, ezibomvu (Gallus gallus, Umfanekiso 3), ikhola eluhlaza (Gallus various), umsila omnyama (Gallus lafayetii) kunye neGrey Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Kukho iimbono ezimbini ezahlukeneyo malunga nemvelaphi yenkukhu yasekhaya kwinkukhu yokuqala: ithiyori ye-single origin ithi inkukhu yokuqala ebomvu inokufuywa kube kanye okanye ngaphezulu; Ngokwethiyori yemvelaphi emininzi, ukongeza kwi-red jungle fowl, ezinye iiJungle Fowls nazo zingookhokho beenkukhu zasekhaya. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezifundo zixhasa ithiyori ye-single origin, oko kukuthi, inkukhu yasekhaya ikakhulu ivela kwi-red jungle fowl.

 

(1) Inkqubo yokuzalisa iinkukhu zasemzini

Ngaphambi kweminyaka yoo-1930, kwakukhethwa amaqela kwaye kwakhuliswa ngaphandle kwemvelaphi. Iimpawu eziphambili zokukhetha yayikukusebenza kwemveliso yamaqanda, inkukhu yayiyeyemveliso ephumayo, kwaye ukuzala kwenkukhu kwakuyimodeli yezoqoqosho encinci yenkundla. Ngokusungulwa kwebhokisi yamaqanda evala ngokwayo ngeminyaka yoo-1930, ukusebenza kwemveliso yamaqanda kwakhethwa ngokwerekhodi yemveliso yamaqanda nganye; Ngeminyaka yoo-1930-50, kusetyenziswa iteknoloji ye-cookie double hybrid njengereferensi, i-heterosis yangeniswa ekuzaleni kwenkukhu, eyathatha indawo ngokukhawuleza ekuzaleni komgca ococekileyo, kwaye yaba yinto ephambili kwimveliso yenkukhu yorhwebo. Iindlela zokufanisa i-hybridization ziye zaphuhliswa kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-binary hybridization yokuqala ukuya ekufanisweni kwe-ternary kunye ne-Quaternary. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhetha iimpawu ezilinganiselweyo neziphantsi zokwaluphala kwaphucuka emva kokuba kuqaliswe ukurekhodwa kwemvelaphi ngeminyaka yoo-1940, kwaye ukwehla kokuzalana okubangelwa zizihlobo ezisondeleyo kunokuthintelwa. Emva kowama-1945, iimvavanyo zesampulu ezingacwangciswanga zenziwa ngamanye amaziko esithathu okanye izikhululo zovavanyo eYurophu naseMelika. Injongo yayikukuvavanya ngokungenamkhethe iintlobo ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zendalo, kwaye zidlale indima ebonakalayo ekuphuculeni isabelo semarike seentlobo ezibalaseleyo kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. Lo msebenzi wokulinganisa ukusebenza wapheliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960-1980, ukhetho oluphambili lweempawu ezilula ukuzilinganisa, ezinje ngokuveliswa kwamaqanda, izinga lokuqandusela, izinga lokukhula kunye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokutya, lwenziwe ikakhulu yinkukhu enethambo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhaya. Ukuqinisekiswa kwenqanaba lokuguqulwa kokutya kwikheji enye ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kudlale indima ethe ngqo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kokutya kweenkuku kunye nokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kokutya. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1990, iimpawu zokucubungula ziye zanikwa ingqalelo, ezifana nobunzima be-net bore kunye nobunzima be-sternum engenamathambo. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zovavanyo lwezakhi zofuzo ezifana ne-best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yekhompyutha kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lokuzalela. Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukuzaliswa kweenkukhu kwaqala ukuqwalasela umgangatho weemveliso kunye nentlalo-ntle yezilwanyana. Okwangoku, iteknoloji yokuzalanisa ii-broiler ngokwemolekyuli emelwe lukhetho olubanzi lwe-genome (GS) iyatshintsha ukusuka kuphando nophuhliso ukuya ekusetyenzisweni.

（2） Inkqubo yokuzalanisa iiNkukhu eTshayina

Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19, iinkukhu zasekuhlaleni eTshayina bezikhokela kwihlabathi liphela ekubekeni amaqanda nasekuveliseni inyama. Umzekelo, ukungeniswa kwenkukhu yentaba i-wolf kunye nenkukhu ye-nine Jin yellow evela eJiangsu naseShanghai eTshayina, emva koko ukusuka e-UK ukuya e-United States, emva kokuzalisa, kuye kwaqatshelwa njengeentlobo eziqhelekileyo kuwo omabini la mazwe. Inkukhu yaseLangshan ithathwa njengohlobo olusetyenziswa kabini, kwaye inkukhu ye-nine Jin yellow ithathwa njengohlobo lwenyama. Ezi ntlobo zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwezinye iintlobo zemfuyo kunye neenkukhu ezidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela, ezifana neBritish oppington kunye ne-Australian Black Australia ziye zazisa ubudlelwane begazi benkukhu yentaba i-wolf eTshayina. I-Rockcock, i-Luodao red kunye nezinye iintlobo nazo zithatha inkukhu ye-nine Jin yellow njengezixhobo zokuzalisa. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kuma-1930, amaqanda kunye nenkukhu ziimveliso ezibalulekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandle eTshayina. Kodwa kwixesha elide emva koko, ishishini lokufuya iinkukhu eTshayina lihlala kwinqanaba elikhulu lokufuya, kwaye inqanaba lemveliso yenkukhu likude kwinqanaba eliphambili kwihlabathi. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960, iintlobo ezintathu zenkukhu yaseHuiyang, inkukhu ye-Qingyuan hemp kunye nenkukhu ye-Shiqi zakhethwa njengezona zinto ziphambili zokuphucula eHong Kong. Olu hlobo lwe-hybrid lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-Han Xia entsha, i-bailoc, i-baikonish kunye ne-habad ukuvelisa inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid, eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso nasekusetyenzisweni kwee-broilers zaseHong Kong. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1970 ukuya kowama-1980, inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid yaziswa eGuangdong naseGuangxi, kwaye yadityaniswa neenkukhu ezimhlophe eziphindaphindayo, yenza inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid eguquliweyo kwaye yasasazeka kakhulu kwimveliso. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1960 ukuya kowama-1980, sisebenzise ukuzala kwe-hybrid kunye nokukhetha usapho ukukhulisa inkukhu entsha ye-wolf mountain, inkukhu ye-Xinpu East kunye nenkukhu ye-xinyangzhou. Ukususela ngo-1983 ukuya ku-2015, iinkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli zasebenzisa indlela yokuzalela emantla nasezantsi, zaza zasebenzisa ngokupheleleyo umahluko kwimozulu, ukutya, amandla abasebenzi kunye neteknoloji yokuzalela phakathi kwamantla nasezantsi, zaza zakhulisa iinkukhu zabazali kwiindawo ezisemantla zaseHenan, eShanxi naseShaanxi. Amaqanda orhwebo athuthwa abuyela emazantsi ukuze afukishwe kwaye akhuliswe, nto leyo eyaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yeenkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli. Ukuzaliswa okucwangcisiweyo kweenkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli kwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980. Ukungeniswa kweejini eziluncedo ezifuywayo ezifana neejini ezigcina iinkozo ezincinci nezincinci (i-DW gene) kunye nejini ye-feather white feather gene zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuzalweni kweenkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli eTshayina. Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seentlobo zeenkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli eTshayina zisebenzise ezi ndlela. Ngo-1986, inkampani yophuhliso lweenkukhu yaseGuangzhou Baiyun yazisa inkukhu exutyiweyo emhlophe neShiqi ukuzalisa iinkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezityheli ezingama-882. Ngo-1999, iShenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. yavelisa umgca wokuqala ohambelanayo we-yellow feather broiler 128 (Umzobo 4) owavunywa lilizwe. Emva koko, ukulima uhlobo olutsha lwe-Yellow Feather Broiler eTshayina kwangena kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezileyo. Ukuze kuququzelelwe ukuvavanywa nokwamkelwa kohlobo, iZiko lokuJonga nokuhlola kunye noVavanyo loMgangatho weeNkuku (iYangzhou) leSebe lezoLimo neendawo zasemaphandleni (iBeijing) lasungulwa ngo-1998 nango-2003 ngokulandelelana, kwaye lalinoxanduva lokulinganisa ukusebenza kwemveliso yeenkukhu zesizwe.

 

2、 Uphuhliso lwendlela yanamhlanje yokufuya iinkukhu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe

(1) Uphuhliso lwangaphandle

Ukususela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, inkqubela phambili yokuzalanisa ngokwemfuza ibeke isiseko semveliso yenkukhu yanamhlanje, yakhuthaza ukukhetheka kwemveliso yamaqanda neenkukhu, kwaye imveliso yeenkukhu ibe lishishini leenkukhu elizimeleyo. Kwiminyaka engama-80 edlulileyo, amazwe aseMntla Melika nawaseNtshona Yurophu aye enza ukuzalanisa ngokwemfuza ngokwemfuza ukuze kukhule isantya, umvuzo wokutya kunye nokwakheka kwenyama yeenkukhu, enza iintlobo zeenkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba ezimhlophe zanamhlanje kwaye athatha indawo ngokukhawuleza kwimarike yehlabathi. Umgca wamadoda weenkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba ezimhlophe zanamhlanje yinkukhu emhlophe yaseCornish, kwaye umgca wabasetyhini yinkukhu emhlophe yasePlymouth Rock. I-heterosis iveliswa ngokuzalanisa ngokwemfuza. Okwangoku, kuquka neTshayina, iintlobo eziphambili ezisetyenziswa ekuveliseni iinkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba ezimhlophe kwihlabathi yi-AA+, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard kunye nezinye iintlobo ezimbalwa, ezivela kwi-aviagen kunye ne-Cobb vantress ngokwahlukeneyo. Inkukhu emhlophe eneentsiba inenkqubo yokuzalanisa evuthiweyo negqibeleleyo, eyenza isakhiwo sephiramidi esakhiwe liqela eliphambili lokuzalanisa, ootatomkhulu noomakhulu, ootatomkhulu noomakhulu, abazali kunye neenkukhu zorhwebo. Kuthatha iminyaka emi-4-5 ukuba inkqubela yemfuza yeqela eliphambili idluliselwe kwiinkukhu zorhwebo (Umzobo 5). Inkukhu yeqela eliphambili enye inokuvelisa iinkukhu ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 zeenkukhu zorhwebo kunye neetoni ezingaphezu kwama-5000 zeenkukhu. Okwangoku, ihlabathi livelisa malunga nezigidi ezili-11.6 zeeseti zabafuyi beenkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba ezimhlophe, izigidi ezingama-600 zeeseti zabafuyi abaziintsapho kunye neebhiliyoni ezingama-80 zeenkukhu zorhwebo minyaka le.

 

3, Iingxaki kunye nezikhewu

（1） Ukuzaliswa kweenkukhu zeentaka ezimhlophe

Xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba eliphambili lamazwe ngamazwe lokufuya iinkukhu ezineentsiba ezimhlophe, ixesha lokufuya iinkukhu ezineentsiba ezimhlophe ezizimeleyo zaseTshayina lifutshane, isiseko sokuqokelelwa kwezinto zemfuza ezisebenza kakuhle kwimveliso sibuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha efana nokufuya iimolekyuli akwanelanga, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu kuphando nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokucocwa kwezifo kunye neemveliso zokufumanisa. Iinkcukacha zezi zilandelayo: 1. Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinoluhlu lweentlobo ezintle ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nesantya esiphezulu semveliso yenyama, kwaye ngokudibanisa kunye nokuhlelwa kwakhona kweenkampani zokufuya ezifana neenkukhu kunye neeleya, izixhobo kunye neejini zityetyiswa ngakumbi, nto leyo enika isiqinisekiso sokufuya iintlobo ezintsha; Izixhobo zokufuya iinkukhu ezineentsiba ezimhlophe eTshayina zinesiseko esibuthathaka kunye nezixhobo ezimbalwa ezilungileyo zokufuya.

2. Itekhnoloji yokuzalisa. Xa kuthelekiswa neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezinamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-100 yokuzalisa, ukuzalisa iinkukhu ezimhlophe ezineentsiba ezimhlophe eTshayina kwaqala kade, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokuzalisa elungeleleneyo phakathi kokukhula nokuzala kunye nenqanaba eliphambili lamazwe ngamazwe. Izinga lokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ezintsha ezifana nokuzalisa i-genome aliphezulu; Ukunqongophala kwetekhnoloji yokulinganisa echanekileyo ye-phenotype ephezulu, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nezinga lokusetyenziswa kokudluliselwa liphantsi.

3. Itekhnoloji yokucoca izifo zemvelaphi. Iinkampani ezinkulu zokufuya iinkukhu zamazwe ngamazwe zithathe amanyathelo asebenzayo okucoca izifo ezidluliselwa ngokuthe nkqo ze-avian leukemia, i-pullorum kunye nezinye iintlobo, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukhuphiswano lweemveliso. Ukucocwa kwe-avian leukemia kunye ne-pullorum yibhodi emfutshane ethintela uphuhliso lweshishini leenkuku zokufuya zaseTshayina, kwaye izixhobo zokufumanisa zixhomekeke kakhulu ekungenisweni kwempahla.

（2） Ukufuywa kweenkukhu zenkukhu ezineentsiba ezimthubi

Ukufuya nokuvelisa iinkukhu ezifuywayo ezineentsiba ezimthubi eTshayina kukwinqanaba eliphambili kwihlabathi liphela. Nangona kunjalo, inani lamashishini okufuya likhulu, ubungakanani abulingani, amandla obuchwephesha abuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokufuya ephucukileyo akwanelanga, kwaye izixhobo zokufuya zisemva kakhulu; Kukho inqanaba elithile lokufuya okuphindaphindwayo, kwaye zimbalwa iintlobo eziphambili ezineempawu ezicacileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nesabelo esikhulu semarike; Kangangexesha elide, injongo yokufuya kukuziqhelanisa nolwalamano lokuthengiswa kweenkukhu eziphilayo, njengombala weentsiba, imo yomzimba kunye nembonakalo, ezingenakuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike zokuxhela kunye neemveliso ezibandayo phantsi kwemeko entsha.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenkukhu zasekuhlaleni eTshayina, eziye zakha iimpawu ezininzi ezintle zemfuza phantsi kweemeko zendalo kunye nezentlalo-qoqosho ezihlala ixesha elide nezintsonkothileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide, kukho ukunqongophala kophando olunzulu malunga neempawu zezixhobo ze-germplasm, uphando kunye novavanyo lwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo alwanelanga, kwaye uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo alunankxaso yolwazi eyaneleyo. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokubeka esweni enamandla yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo akwanelanga, kwaye uvavanyo lweempawu zezixhobo ezinokuziqhelanisa kakhulu, isivuno esiphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wezixhobo zemfuza aluphelelanga kwaye lucwangcisiwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunqongophaleni okukhulu kokumbiwa kunye nokusebenzisa iimpawu ezintle zeentlobo zasekuhlaleni, ithintela inkqubo yokukhusela, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemfuza zasekuhlaleni, kwaye ichaphazela inqanaba lemveliso yeshishini leenkukhu eTshayina Ukhuphiswano lwemarike lweemveliso zeenkukhu kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini leenkukhu.