Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutya ziyavavanywa rhoqo ukuphucula umgangatho wenyama yeenkukhu zenyama. I-Betaine ineempawu ezikhethekileyo zokuphucula umgangatho wenyama njengoko idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, imetabolism yezakhamzimba kunye namandla e-antioxidant enkukhu zenyama zenyama zenyama zenyama. Kodwa kufuneka inikezelwe ngaluphi uhlobo ukuze isebenzise zonke izibonelelo zayo?

Kwisifundo sakutshanje esipapashwe kwiPoultry Science, abaphandi bazame ukuphendula lo mbuzo ungentla ngokuthelekisa ukusebenza kokukhula kweenkukhu kunye nomgangatho wenyama kunye neentlobo ezimbini zei-betaine: i-anhydrous betaine kunye ne-hydrochloride betaine.

I-Betaine ifumaneka kakhulu njengesongezelelo sokondla ngendlela ecociweyo ngamakhemikhali. Ezona ndlela zidumileyo ze-betaine ye-feed-grade yi-anhydrous betaine kunye ne-hydrochloride betaine. Njengoko inyama yenkukhu isetyenziswa kakhulu, iindlela zokulima ngokugqithisileyo ziye zaziswa kwimveliso yeenkukhu ukuphucula imveliso. Nangona kunjalo, le mveliso igqithisileyo inokuba nemiphumo emibi kwiinkukhu, ezifana nentlalo-ntle embi kunye nomgangatho wenyama ophantsi.

Enye indlela esebenzayo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwiinkukhu

Impikiswano efanayo kukuba ukuphucula umgangatho wokuphila kuthetha ukuba abathengi balindele ukunambitha okungcono kunye neemveliso zenyama ezisemgangathweni ophezulu. Ke ngoko, kuye kwazanywa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutya ukuphucula umgangatho wenyama yeenkukhu apho i-betaine ifumene ingqalelo enkulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo yesondlo kunye neyomzimba.

I-Anhydrous vs. i-hydrochloride

Imithombo eqhelekileyo ye-betaine yi-sugar beet kunye neemveliso zayo, ezifana ne-molasses. Nangona kunjalo, i-betaine ikwafumaneka njengesongezelelo sokondla esineendlela ezidumileyo zodidi lokondla.i-betaineyi-anhydrous betaine kunye ne-hydrochloride betaine.

Ngokubanzi, i-betaine, njengomnikeli we-methyl, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, imetabolism yezakhamzimba kunye namandla e-antioxidant eenkukhu zenyama. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeemolekyuli, i-anhydrous betaine ibonisa ukunyibilika okukhulu emanzini xa ithelekiswa ne-hydrochloride betaine, ngaloo ndlela inyusa amandla ayo e-osmotic. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-hydrochloride betaine ibangela ukwehla kwe-pH esiswini, ngaloo ndlela inokuchaphazela ukufunxwa kwezondlo ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwi-anhydrous betaine.

Ukutya

Olu phononongo lujolise ekuphandeni impembelelo yeentlobo ezimbini ze-betaine (i-anhydrous betaine kunye ne-hydrochloride betaine) ekusebenzeni kokukhula, umgangatho wenyama kunye namandla okulwa ne-antioxidant eenkukhu ze-broiler. Amantshontsho eenkukhu ezisandula ukuqanduselwa angama-400 ahlulwe ngokungacwangciswanga abe ngamaqela ama-5 kwaye ondliwe ukutya oku-5 ngexesha lovavanyo lokutya lweentsuku ezingama-52.

Ii-betaine sources ezimbini zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zilingane. Ukutya bekulandelayo.
Ulawulo: Iinkukhu ezikwiqela lolawulo zondliwa ukutya okusisiseko kombona-imbotyi yesoya
Ukutya okungeyo-manzi i-betaine: Ukutya okusisiseko okongezelelwe ngamanqanaba amabini oxinzelelo angama-500 kunye ne-1,000 mg/kg i-betaine engeyo-manzi
Ukutya kwe-Hydrochloride betaine: Ukutya okusisiseko okuncediswa ngamanqanaba amabini oxinzelelo angama-642.23 kunye ne-1284.46 mg/kg ye-hydrochloride betaine.

Ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nemveliso yenyama

Kolu phononongo, ukutya okongeziweyo ngedosi ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine kuphucule kakhulu ukutyeba, ukutya ukutya okutyiwayo, kunciphisa i-FCR kwaye kwandisa isivuno semisipha yebele neyethanga xa kuthelekiswa namaqela e-control kunye ne-hydrochloride betaine. Ukwanda kokusebenza kokukhula kukwanxulunyaniswa nokwanda kokufakwa kweproteni okubonwe kwimisipha yebele: Idosi ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine inyuke kakhulu (nge-4.7%) umxholo weproteni ekrwada kwimisipha yebele ngelixa idosi ephezulu ye-hydrochloride betaine inyuse umxholo weproteni ekrwada yemisipha yebele (nge-3.9%).

Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba esi siphumo sisenokuba kungenxa yokuba i-betaine inokuthatha inxaxheba kumjikelo we-methionine ukuze igcine i-methionine ngokusebenza njengomnikeli we-methyl, ngoko ke i-methionine engaphezulu ingasetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweproteni yemisipha. Oku kwanikwa nendima ye-betaine ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kwe-myogenic gene kunye nendlela yokubonisa i-insulin-like growth factor-1 ekhuthaza ukwanda kokugcinwa kweproteni yemisipha.

Ukongeza, kwagqanyiswa ukuba i-anhydrous betaine inambitheka kamnandi, ngelixa i-hydrochloride betaine inambitheka kakrakra, nto leyo enokuchaphazela ukutyeba kakuhle kunye nokutya kweenkukhu. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokugaya kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo ixhomekeke kwi-epithelium yamathumbu engaguqukiyo, ngoko ke amandla e-osmotic e-betaine anokuchaphazela kakuhle ukutyeba. I-anhydrous betaine ibonisa amandla e-osmotic angcono kune-hydrochloride betaine ngenxa yokunyibilika kwayo okuphezulu. Ke ngoko, iinkukhu ezitya i-anhydrous betaine zinokuba nokutyeba okungcono kunezo zitya i-hydrochloride betaine.

I-glycolysis ye-anaerobic emva kokufa kwemisipha kunye nomthamo we-antioxidant zizibonakaliso ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zomgangatho wenyama. Emva kokopha, ukuyeka kokunikezelwa kweoksijini kutshintsha imetabolism yemisipha. Emva koko i-glycolysis ye-anaerobic ngokungenakuphepheka iyenzeka kwaye iqhube ukuqokelelwa kwe-lactic acid.

Kolu phononongo, ukutya okongeziweyo nge-betaine ene-anhydrous ephezulu kunciphisa kakhulu umxholo we-lactate kwimisipha yebele. Ukuqokelelwa kwe-lactic acid yeyona nto iphambili yokwehla kwe-pH yemisipha emva kokuxhelwa. I-pH ephezulu yemisipha yebele enokongezwa kwe-betaine ene-dose ephezulu kolu phononongo ibonise ukuba i-betaine inokuchaphazela i-glycolysis yemisipha emva kokufa ukunciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwe-lactate kunye nokuguquka kweproteni, nto leyo enciphisa ukulahleka kwe-drip.

Ukubola kwenyama, ingakumbi ukubola kwamafutha emzimbeni, sisizathu esibalulekileyo sokuwohloka komgangatho wenyama okunciphisa ixabiso lesondlo ngelixa kubangele iingxaki zokuthungwa. Kolu phononongo ukutya okongeziweyo nge-betaine ephezulu kunciphisa kakhulu umxholo we-MDA kwimisipha yamabele neyethanga, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-betaine inokunciphisa umonakalo we-oxidative.

Ukubonakaliswa kwe-mRNA ye-antioxidant genes (i-Nrf2 kunye ne-HO-1) kwanda kakhulu kwiqela le-anhydrous betaine kunokuba kutyiwe yi-hydrochloride betaine, okuhambelana nokuphuculwa okukhulu kwamandla e-antioxidant yemisipha.

Idosi ecetyiswayo

Kolu phononongo, abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba i-anhydrous betaine ibonisa iziphumo ezingcono kune-hydrochloride betaine ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokuvelisa imisipha yamabele kwiinkukhu ze-broiler. I-anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) okanye i-equimolar hydrochloride betaine supplementation inokuphucula umgangatho wenyama ye-broilers ngokunciphisa umxholo we-lactate ukwandisa i-pH yemisipha, ichaphazela ukusasazwa kwamanzi enyama ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-drip, kunye nokuphucula amandla e-antioxidant yemisipha. Xa kujongwa ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nomgangatho wenyama, i-1,000 mg/kg ye-anhydrous betaine yacetyiswa kwiinkukhu ze-broilers.