Ehlotyeni, izityalo zijongene noxinzelelo oluninzi olufana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukukhanya okuqinileyo, isomiso (uxinzelelo lwamanzi), kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. IBetaine, njengesilawuli esibalulekileyo se-osmotic kunye ne-solute ehambelana nokukhusela, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhathiseni kwezityalo kolu xinzelelo lwasehlotyeni. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:

1. Ummiselo wokungena:
Gcina uxinzelelo lwe-cell turgor:

Ukushisa okuphezulu kunye nembalela kubangela ukuba izityalo zilahlekelwe ngamanzi, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-cytoplasmic osmotic potential (iba yi-denser), ebangela lula ukuphelelwa ngamanzi kunye nokubola kweeseli ezivela kwii-vacuoles ezijikelezileyo okanye iindonga zeseli ezinomthamo onamandla wokufunxa amanzi. I-Betaine iqokelela kwixabiso elikhulu kwi-cytoplasm, inciphisa ngokufanelekileyo amandla e-osmotic ye-cytoplasm, inceda iiseli zigcine uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-turgor, ngaloo ndlela luxhathise ukuchithwa kwamanzi kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo seseli kunye nomsebenzi.

Uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic ye-vacuolar elinganayo:

Ubuninzi bee-ion ze-inorganic (ezifana ne-K ⁺, Cl ⁻, njl.) ziqokelela kwi-vacuole ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. I-Betaine ikhona ikakhulu kwi-cytoplasm, kwaye ukuqokelela kwayo kunceda ukulungelelanisa ukuhlukana koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic phakathi kwe-cytoplasm kunye ne-vacuoles, ukukhusela umonakalo kwi-cytoplasm ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamandla kwamanzi.

2. Ukukhusela i-biomolecules:
Ubume beprotheyini ezinzileyo:

Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokubangela ngokulula iprotein denaturation kunye nokungasebenzi. Iimolekyuli zeBetaine zithwala iintlawulo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga (zwitterionic) kwaye zinokuzinzisa ukuhambelana kwendalo kweeprotheyini ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen bonding kunye ne-hydration, ukuthintela ukusongelwa kakubi, ukudibanisa, okanye ukudityaniswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni umsebenzi we-enzyme, iiproteni eziphambili kwi-photosynthesis, kunye nemisebenzi yezinye iiproteni ze-metabolic.

Inkqubo yefilimu ekhuselayo:

Ukushisa okuphezulu kunye neentlobo ze-oksijeni ezisebenzayo zingonakalisa i-lipid bilayer isakhiwo se-membrane zeseli (ezifana ne-thylakoid membranes kunye ne-plasma membranes), ekhokelela kwi-membrane engavamile, ukuvuza, kunye nokuchithwa. I-Betaine inokuzinzisa ukwakheka kwe-membrane, igcine ubumanzi bayo obuqhelekileyo kunye ne-permeability ekhethiweyo, kwaye ikhusele ukunyaniseka kwamalungu e-photosynthetic kunye ne-organelles.

3. Ukhuseleko lweAntioxidant:
Gcina ibhalansi ye-osmotic kwaye unciphise umonakalo wesibini obangelwa luxinzelelo.

Ukuzinzisa isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi we-antioxidant enzymes (ezifana ne-superoxide dismutase, i-catalase, i-ascorbate peroxidase, njl.), ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokukhusela i-antioxidant yesityalo, kunye nokunceda ngokungathanga ngqo ukucacisa iintlobo ze-oksijini ezisebenzayo.
Ukususwa ngokungathanga ngqo kweentlobo zeoksijini esebenzayo:

Ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlotyeni anokubangela ukuveliswa kweentlobo ezininzi ze-oksijini esebenzayo kwizityalo, kubangele umonakalo we-oxidative. Nangona i-betaine ngokwayo ayisiyo-antioxidant eyomeleleyo, inokufezekiswa ngoku:

4. Ukukhusela photosynthesis:
Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olomeleleyo lokukhanya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindlela engundoqo ye-photosynthesis, i-photosystem II. I-Betaine inokukhusela i-membrane ye-thylakoid, igcine ukuzinza kwe-photosystem II eyinkimbinkimbi, iqinisekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhonkco lokuthutha i-electron, kunye nokunciphisa i-photoinhibition ye-photosynthesis.

5. Njengomnikeli wemethyl:

I-Betaine yenye yabanikeli be-methyl ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, ezibandakanyekayo kumjikelo we-methionine. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo, inokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-synthesis okanye ukulawulwa kwe-metabolic yezinye izinto eziphendula uxinzelelo ngokubonelela ngamaqela e-methyl.

Isishwankathelo, ngexesha lehlobo elitshisayo, owona msebenzi ungundoqo we-betaine kwizityalo ngulo:

Ukugcina amanzi kunye nokumelana nembalela:ukulwa nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngolawulo lwe-osmotic.
Ukhuseleko lokumelana nobushushu:ikhusela iiprotheni, i-enzymes, kunye ne-membrane yeseli kumonakalo ophezulu wokushisa.

Ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation:iphucula amandla e-antioxidant kwaye inciphisa umonakalo we-photooxidative.
Gcina iphotosynthesis:khusela amalungu ephotosynthetic kwaye ugcine unikezelo lwamandla olusisiseko.

Ngoko ke, xa izityalo zibona iimpawu zoxinzelelo ezifana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nembalela, zivula indlela ye-betaine synthesis (ikakhulukazi nge-oxidation yamanyathelo amabini e-choline kwiikloroplasts), ziqokelela i-betaine ukunyusa ukuxhathisa koxinzelelo kunye nokuphucula amandla abo okusinda kwiindawo ezibuhlungu zasehlotyeni. Ezinye izityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nembalela netyuwa (ezifana neebhiti zeswekile ngokwazo, isipinatshi, ingqolowa, ibhali, njl.njl.) zinesakhono esinamandla sokuqokelela i-betaine.

Kwimveliso yezolimo, ukutshizwa kwangaphandle kwe-betaine kusetyenziswa njenge-biostimulant ukomeleza ukuxhathisa kwezityalo (ezifana nombona, itumato, itshilisi, njl.njl.) ukuya ehlotyeni ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwembalela.