Ehlotyeni, izityalo zijongene noxinzelelo oluninzi olufana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukukhanya okunamandla, imbalela (uxinzelelo lwamanzi), kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. I-Betaine, njengomlawuli obalulekileyo we-osmotic kunye nesinyibilikisi esihambelana nokukhusela, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchaseni kwezityalo kwezi xinzelelo zasehlotyeni. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:

1. Ulawulo lokugcwala kwamanzi:
Gcina uxinzelelo lwe-cell turgor:

Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nembalela zibangela ukuba izityalo zilahlekelwe ngamanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kwe-cytoplasmic osmotic potential (ukuba nkulu), nto leyo ebangela ngokulula ukuphelelwa ngamanzi kunye nokubuna kweeseli ezivela kwii-vacuoles ezingqongileyo okanye iindonga zeeseli ezinomthamo onamandla wokufunxa amanzi. I-Betaine iqokelelana ngobuninzi kwi-cytoplasm, inciphisa ngempumelelo amandla e-osmotic e-cytoplasm, inceda iiseli zigcine uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-turgor, ngaloo ndlela zichasa ukuphelelwa ngamanzi kwaye zigcine ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weseli.

Uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwe-vacuolar olulinganiselayo:

Inani elikhulu lee-ions ezingaphiliyo (ezifana ne-K ⁺, Cl ⁻, njl.njl.) ziqokelelana kwi-vacuole ukuze zigcine uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. I-Betaine ikhona kakhulu kwi-cytoplasm, kwaye ukuqokelelana kwayo kunceda ukulinganisela umahluko woxinzelelo lwe-osmotic phakathi kwe-cytoplasm kunye ne-vacuoles, ukuthintela umonakalo kwi-cytoplasm ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kakhulu.

2. Ukukhusela ii-biomolecules:
Ulwakhiwo lweproteni oluzinzileyo:

Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokubangela ukubola kweproteni kunye nokungasebenzi kwayo. Iimolekyuli zeBetaine zithwala iitshaja ezilungileyo nezingalunganga (zwitterionic) kwaye zinokuqinisa ukwakheka kwendalo kweeproteni ngokubophelela kwehydrogen kunye nokufuma, zithintele ukugoba okungahambelaniyo, ukuhlangana, okanye ukubola kweproteni kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni umsebenzi wee-enzyme, iiproteni eziphambili kwi-photosynthesis, kunye nemisebenzi yezinye iiproteni ze-metabolic.

Inkqubo yefilimu ekhuselayo:

Iintlobo zobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-reactive oxygen zingonakalisa isakhiwo se-lipid bilayer yee-membranes zeseli (ezifana nee-membranes ze-thylakoid kunye nee-membranes ze-plasma), nto leyo ekhokelela ekungahambelani kakuhle kwe-membrane, ukuvuza, kwanokuqhekeka. I-Betaine inokuzinzisa isakhiwo se-membrane, igcine ukutyibilika kwayo okuqhelekileyo kunye nokungena kwayo okukhethiweyo, kwaye ikhusele ukuthembeka kwamalungu e-photosynthetic kunye nee-organelles.

3. Ukhuselo lwe-Antioxidant:
Gcina ibhalansi ye-osmotic kwaye unciphise umonakalo wesibini obangelwa luxinzelelo.

Uzinzisa ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wee-enzymes ze-antioxidant (ezifana ne-superoxide dismutase, i-catalase, i-ascorbate peroxidase, njl.njl.), phucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokuzikhusela yesityalo, kwaye uncede ngokungathanga ngqo ukususa iintlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo.
Ukususwa ngokungathanga ngqo kweentlobo zeoksijini ezisebenzayo:

Ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlotyeni kunokubangela ukuveliswa kweentlobo ezininzi zeoksijini ezisabelayo kwizityalo, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo we-oxidative. Nangona i-betaine ngokwayo ingeyo-antioxidant enamandla, inokufezekiswa ngokuthi:

4. Ukukhusela i-photosynthesis:
Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lokukhanya olunamandla kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindlela eyintloko ye-photosynthesis, i-photosystem II. I-Betaine inokukhusela i-membrane ye-thylakoid, igcine uzinzo lwe-photosystem II complex, iqinisekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-electron transport chain, kwaye inciphise ukuthintelwa kwe-photoinhibition ye-photosynthesis.

5. Njengomnikeli we-methyl:

I-Betaine ngomnye wabanikeli be-methyl ababalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, ebandakanyeka kumjikelo we-methionine. Phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo, ingathatha inxaxheba ekuhlanganisweni okanye ekulawulweni kwe-metabolic kwezinye izinto ezisabela kuxinzelelo ngokubonelela ngamaqela e-methyl.

Ngamafutshane, ngexesha lehlobo elitshisayo, umsebenzi ophambili we-betaine kwizityalo ngulo:

Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kunye nokumelana nembalela:ukulwa nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngokulawula i-osmotic.
Ukukhusela ukumelana nobushushu:ikhusela iiproteni, ii-enzymes, kunye nee-membranes zeeseli ekonakaleni kobushushu obuphezulu.

Ukuchasana ne-oxidation:iphucula amandla e-antioxidant kwaye inciphisa umonakalo we-photooxidative.
Gcina i-photosynthesis:khusela amalungu e-photosynthesis kwaye ugcine umbane osisiseko.

Ngoko ke, xa izityalo zibona iimpawu zoxinzelelo ezifana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nembalela, zivuselela indlela yokwenziwa kwe-betaine (ngokuyintloko ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation yamanyathelo amabini ye-choline kwi-chloroplasts), ziqokelela i-betaine ngamandla ukuze zonyuse ukumelana kwazo noxinzelelo kwaye ziphucule amandla azo okusinda kwiindawo ezinzima zasehlotyeni. Ezinye izityalo ezinyamezela imbalela kunye netyuwa (ezifana ne-sugar beet ngokwazo, ispinatshi, ingqolowa, irhasi, njl.njl.) zinamandla okuqokelela i-betaine.

Kwimveliso yezolimo, ukutshiza i-betaine ngaphandle kukwasetyenziswa njenge-biostimulant ukuphucula ukumelana kwezityalo (ezifana nombona, iitumato, itshili, njl.njl.) kubushushu obuphezulu basehlotyeni kunye noxinzelelo lwembalela.