I-Betaine yikhompawundi yendalo esasazeka kakhulu kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana. Njengesongezelelo sokondla, ifumaneka kwimo ye-anhydrous okanye i-hydrochloride. Ingongezwa ekutyeni kwezilwanyana ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, ezi njongo zinokunxulunyaniswa nokukwazi kwe-betaine ukunikela nge-methyl okusebenzayo kakhulu, okwenzeka kakhulu esibindini. Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqela e-methyl angaqinisekanga, ukwenziwa kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine kunye ne-creatine kuyakhuthazwa. Ngale ndlela, i-betaine ichaphazela i-protein, i-lipid kunye ne-energy metabolism, ngaloo ndlela itshintsha ngokuyingenelo ukwakheka kwe-carcass.
Okwesibini, injongo yokongeza i-betaine ekutyeni inokuba inxulumene nomsebenzi wayo njengesithinteli sendalo esikhuselayo. Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine inceda iiseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukuba zigcine ulungelelwano lwamanzi kunye nomsebenzi weeseli, ingakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo. Umzekelo owaziwayo yimpembelelo entle ye-betaine kwizilwanyana eziphantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu.
Kwiihagu, kuye kwachazwa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo zokongezwa kwe-betaine. Eli nqaku liza kugxila kwindima ye-betaine njengesongezelelo sokondla kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-betaine zibike ngempembelelo ekugayweni kwezondlo kwi-ileum okanye kwindlela yokugaya iyonke yeehagu. Ukuqwalaselwa okuphindaphindiweyo kokwanda kokugaywa kwe-ileal yefayibha (ifayibha ekrwada okanye ifayibha ye-detergent engathathi cala kunye ne-asidi) kubonisa ukuba i-betaine ivuselela ukubila kweebhaktheriya esele zikhona emathunjini amancinci, kuba iiseli zamathumbu azivelisi ii-enzymes ezitshabalalisa ifayibha. Inxalenye yefayibha yesityalo inezondlo, ezinokukhululwa ngexesha lokuwohloka kwale fayibha ye-microbial.
Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwabonwa ukuphucuka kokugaywa kwezinto ezomileyo kunye nothuthu olukrwada. Kwinqanaba lokugaya ukutya lilonke, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba amantshontsho eehagu ancediswa kukutya kwe-800 mg ye-betaine/kg anokuphucuka kokugaywa kweproteni ekrwada (+6.4%) kunye nolo luhlobo olukrwada (+4.2%). Ukongeza, uphando olwahlukileyo lubonise ukuba ngokongeza i-1,250 mg/kg ye-betaine, ukugaywa okubonakalayo kweproteni ekrwada (+3.7%) kunye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kuphuculwe.
Esinye isizathu esinokwenzeka sokwanda kokugaywa kwezakhamzimba esibonwayo sisiphumo se-betaine kwimveliso yee-enzyme. Kuphononongo lwakutshanje olwenziwe kwi-in vivo malunga nokongezwa kwe-betaine kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo, umsebenzi wee-enzymes zokugaya ukutya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kunye ne-chymotrypsin) kwi-chyme uvavanyiwe (Umfanekiso 1). Zonke ii-enzymes ngaphandle kwe-maltase zibonise umsebenzi owandisiweyo, kwaye umphumo we-betaine wawubonakala ngakumbi kwi-2,500 mg ye-betaine/kg yokutya kune-1,250 mg/kg. Ukwanda komsebenzi kusenokuba ngumphumo wokwanda kwemveliso yee-enzyme, okanye kusenokuba ngumphumo wokwanda kokusebenza kakuhle kwe-enzyme.
Umfanekiso 1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya amathumbu amantshontsho eehagu ongezelelweyo nge-0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg okanye 2,500 mg/kg ye-betaine.
Kwizilingo ze-in vitro, kwangqinwa ukuba ngokongeza i-NaCl ukuvelisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-osmotic, imisebenzi ye-trypsin kunye ne-amylase yayithintelwe. Ukongeza amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-betaine kolu vavanyo kubuyisela isiphumo sokuthintela se-NaCl kunye nomsebenzi owandisiweyo we-enzyme. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-NaCl ingongezwanga kwisisombululo se-buffer, i-betaine ayichaphazeli umsebenzi we-enzyme kuxinzelelo oluphantsi, kodwa ibonisa isiphumo sokuthintela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Ayikokuphela nje ukwanda kokugaywa kokutya okunokuchaza ukwanda okuxeliweyo kokusebenza kokukhula kunye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokutya kweehagu ezongezwe yi-betaine yokutya. Ukongeza i-betaine ekutyeni kweehagu kukwanciphisa iimfuno zamandla okugcinwa kwesilwanyana. Ingcamango yale mpembelelo ibonwayo kukuba xa i-betaine ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwangaphakathi kweseli, imfuno yeepompo ze-ion iyancitshiswa, inkqubo efuna amandla. Kwimeko yokuthathwa kwamandla okuncinci, isiphumo sokongeza i-betaine kulindeleke ukuba sibonakale ngakumbi ngokwandisa unikezelo lwamandla okukhula endaweni yokugcinwa.
Iiseli ze-epithelial ezijikeleze udonga lwamathumbu kufuneka zijongane neemeko ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu eziveliswa ngumxholo we-luminal ngexesha lokugaya izondlo. Kwangaxeshanye, ezi seli zamathumbu kufuneka zilawule ukutshintshiselana kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kunye ne-plasma. Ukuze kukhuselwe iiseli kwezi meko zinzima, i-betaine yinto ebalulekileyo engenela kwindalo. Xa kujongwa uxinano lwe-betaine kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, umxholo we-betaine kwizicubu zamathumbu uphezulu kakhulu. Ukongeza, kuye kwabonwa ukuba la manqanaba achaphazeleka luxinano lwe-betaine yokutya. Iiseli ezilungelelanisiweyo kakuhle ziya kuba nokwanda okungcono kunye nokukwazi ngcono ukuphinda ziphile. Ke ngoko, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukwandisa inqanaba le-betaine leengulube kunyusa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kunye nobunzulu be-ileal crypts, kwaye i-villi iyafana ngakumbi.
Kolunye uphando, ukunyuka kobude be-villi kwi-duodenum, i-jejunum, kunye ne-ileum kunokubonwa, kodwa akukho mpembelelo kubunzulu be-crypts. Njengoko kubonwe kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezine-coccidia, impembelelo yokukhusela ye-betaine kwisakhiwo samathumbu inokuba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi phantsi kwemingeni ethile (ye-osmotic).
Umqobo wamathumbu wenziwe kakhulu ziiseli ze-epithelial, ezidityaniswe ziiproteni eziqinileyo zokuhlangana. Ukuthembeka kwalo mqobo kubalulekile ukuthintela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kunye neebhaktheriya ezibangela izifo, ebezinokubangela ukudumba. Kwiihagu, impembelelo embi yomqobo wamathumbu ithathwa njengesiphumo songcoliseko lwe-mycotoxin ekutyeni, okanye enye yeziphumo ezimbi zoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ukuze kulinganiswe impembelelo kwisiphumo somqobo, uvavanyo lwe-in vitro lwemigca yeseli ludla ngokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ukumelana nombane we-transepithelial (TEER). Ngokusebenzisa i-betaine, i-TEER ephuculweyo inokubonwa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-in vitro. Xa ibhetri ivezwe kubushushu obuphezulu (42°C), i-TEER iya kuncipha (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongezwa kwe-betaine kwindawo yokukhula kwezi seli zityhileke kubushushu kuthintele ukuncipha kwe-TEER, nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda kokumelana nobushushu.
Umfanekiso 2-Iziphumo ze-in vitro zobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-betaine kwi-cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Ukongeza, kwisifundo se-in vivo kumantshontsho eehagu, ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kweeproteni ze-tight junction (occludin, claudin1, kunye ne-zonula occludens-1) kwizicubu ze-jejunum zezilwanyana ezafumana i-1,250 mg/kg ye-betaine kwalinganiswa xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo. Ukongeza, njengophawu lomonakalo we-mucosal yamathumbu, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase kwi-plasma yezi hagu wehliswe kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa umqobo onamandla wamathumbu. Xa i-betaine yongezwa ekutyeni kweehagu ezikhula zigqibe, ukwanda kwamandla okuxinana kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ngexesha lokuxhelwa.
Kutshanje, izifundo ezininzi zidibanise i-betaine nenkqubo ye-antioxidant kwaye zichaze ukunciphisa ii-free radicals, amanqanaba aphantsi e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nomsebenzi ophuculweyo we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayisebenzi nje kuphela njenge-osmoprotector kwizilwanyana. Ukongeza, iintsholongwane ezininzi zinokuqokelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis okanye ukuthuthwa ukusuka kwindawo engqongileyo. Kukho iimpawu zokuba i-betaine inokuba nefuthe elihle kwinani leentsholongwane kwindlela yokugaya ukutya kwamantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo. Inani lilonke leentsholongwane ze-ileal, ngakumbi i-bifidobacteria kunye ne-lactobacilli, linyukile. Ukongeza, kufunyenwe amanani aphantsi e-Enterobacter kwindle.
Okokugqibela, kuqatshelwe ukuba impembelelo ye-betaine kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo kukunciphisa izinga lorhudo. Esi siphumo sinokuxhomekeka kwidosi: isongezelelo sokutya esingu-2,500 mg/kg betaine sisebenza ngakumbi kune-1,250 mg/kg betaine ekunciphiseni izinga lorhudo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kweehagu ezilunyulweyo kumanqanaba amabini esongezelelo kwakufana. Abanye abaphandi babonise ukuba xa kongezwa i-800 mg/kg ye-betaine, izinga kunye nokuxhaphaka korhudo kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo kuphantsi.
I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa elimalunga ne-1.8, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokuyitya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni i-acidity yesisu ibe phezulu.
Ukutya okunomdla kukuba i-betaine hydrochloride inokuba ne-asidi engakanani njengomthombo we-betaine. Kwizonyango zabantu, izongezo ze-betaine HCl zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye ne-pepsin ukuxhasa abantu abaneengxaki zesisu kunye neengxaki zokugaya ukutya. Kule meko, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetyenziswa njengomthombo okhuselekileyo we-hydrochloric acid. Nangona kungekho lwazi ngale mpawu xa i-betaine hydrochloride ifumaneka ekutyeni kwamantshontsho eehagu, inokuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-pH yejusi yesisu yamantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo inokuba phezulu (pH>4), nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor kwi-precursor yayo ye-pepsinogen. Ukugaya iiproteni ngendlela efanelekileyo akubalulekile nje kuphela kwizilwanyana ukuze zifumane ukufumaneka kakuhle kwesi sondlo. Ukongeza, iproteni yokungagayi kakuhle inokubangela ukwanda okuyingozi kweentsholongwane ezinobungozi kwaye yonyuse ingxaki yorhudo emva kokulunyulwa. I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa elimalunga ne-1.8, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokuyitya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni i-acidity yesisu ibe phezulu.
Oku kuphinda kufakwe iasidi kwixesha elifutshane kubonwe kuphononongo lokuqala ebantwini nakwizifundo ezinjeni. Emva kwedosi enye ye-750 mg okanye i-1,500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride, i-pH yesisu sezinja ezazinyangwe ngaphambili ngee-arhente zokunciphisa i-asidi yesisu yehle kakhulu ukusuka malunga ne-7 ukuya kwi-pH 2. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinja ezinganyangwanga, i-pH yesisu yayimalunga ne-2, nto leyo eyayingahambelani nokongezwa kwe-betaine HCl.
I-Betaine inefuthe elihle kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo. Olu phononongo lweencwadi lubonisa amathuba ahlukeneyo e-betaine okuxhasa ukugaywa kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo, ukuphucula imiqobo yokukhusela umzimba, ukuphembelela iintsholongwane, kunye nokuphucula amandla okuzikhusela eehagu.