I-Betaine yinto eyenzeka ngokwemvelo isasazwe ngokubanzi kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Njengesongezo sokutya, inikezelwa nge-anhydrous okanye i-hydrochloride form. Ingongezwa kwisondlo sezilwanyana ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, ezi njongo zinokuthi zihambelane ne-methyl esebenzayo yomnikeli we-betaine, eyenzeka kakhulu kwisibindi.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqela e-methyl engazinzanga, ukuhlanganiswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine kunye ne-creatine kukhuthazwa.
Okwesibini, injongo yokongeza i-betaine kwisondlo inokuhambelana nomsebenzi wayo njengento ekhuselayo ye-penetrant.Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine inceda iiseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukugcina ukulinganisela kwamanzi kunye nokusebenza kweeseli, ngakumbi ngexesha loxinzelelo.Umzekelo owaziwayo ngumphumo omhle we-betaine kwizilwanyana eziphantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu.
Kwiihagu, iziphumo eziluncedo ezahlukeneyo ze-betaine supplementation ziye zachazwa.Eli nqaku liza kugxila kwindima ye-betaine njengesongezo sokutya kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-betaine ziye zachaza umphumo wokugaya izondlo kwi-ileum okanye i-digestive tract epheleleyo yeehagu. Ukuqwalaselwa okuphindaphindiweyo kokunyuka kwe-ileal digestibility yefiber (i-fiber ekrwada okanye i-fiber engathathi hlangothi kunye ne-acid detergent) ibonisa ukuba i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kweebhaktheriya esele ikhona kwi-intestine encinci, kuba i-intestinal plant ayivelisi iiseli ze-intestinal. izondlo, ezinokuthi zikhutshwe ngexesha lokuthotywa kwe-microbial fiber.
Ngoko ke, ukuphuculwa kwemeko eyomileyo kunye ne-crude ash digestibility nayo yabonwa.Kwinqanaba lendlela yokugaya, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba iihagu ezongezelelweyo nge-800 mg betaine / kg yokutya ziye zaphucula iprotheni ekrwada (+ 6.4%) kunye nomcimbi owomileyo (+ 4.2%). iprotheni ekrwada (+ 3.7%) kunye ne-ether extract (+ 6.7%) yaphuculwa.
Esinye isizathu esinokuthi sibonwe ukunyuka kwesondlo somzimba yimpembelelo ye-betaine kwimveliso ye-enzyme.Kuphando lwakutsha nje kwi-vivo malunga nokongezwa kwe-betaine kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo, umsebenzi we-enzymes zokugaya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kunye ne-chymotrypsin) kwi-chyme yavavanywa ngaphandle kwe-maltases yandisiwe (i-Figure ye-maltase yandisiwe). I-betaine yayichazwe ngakumbi kwi-2,500 mg betaine / kg feed kune-1,250 mg / kg. Ukwanda komsebenzi kunokuba ngumphumo wokunyuka kwemveliso ye-enzyme, okanye ingaba ngumphumo wokunyuka kwe-catalytic ye-enzyme.
Umzobo we-1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya ukutya kwamathumbu eengulube zongezwa nge-0 mg / kg, i-1,250 mg / kg okanye i-2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Iimvavanyo ze-in vitro, kwabonakaliswa ukuba ngokongeza i-NaCl ukuvelisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-osmotic, i-trypsin kunye nemisebenzi ye-amylase yayinqatshelwe.Ukongeza amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-betaine kolu vavanyo lubuyisele umphumo we-inhibitory we-NaCl kunye nokwandisa umsebenzi we-enzyme.Nangona kunjalo, xa i-NaCl ingafakwanga kwisisombululo se-buffer, i-betaine ayichaphazeli i-concentration ye-enzyme kwi-concentration ye-bi.
Ayisiyiyo kuphela i-digestibility eyandisiweyo inokuchaza ukwanda okuxeliweyo ekusebenzeni kokukhula kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa kokutya kweehagu ezongezwa nge-betaine yokutya.Ukongeza i-betaine kwizidlo zehagu kunciphisa iimfuno zamandla okugcinwa kwezilwanyana.I-hypothesis yale mpembelelo ibonwayo kukuba xa i-betaine ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-intracellular osmotic, imfuno yeempompo ze-ion iyancitshiswa, eyona nto ifunekayo kwinkqubo yokongeza amandla. i-betaine kulindeleke ukuba ibonakale ngakumbi ngokwandisa unikezelo lwamandla okukhula endaweni yokugcinwa.
Iiseli ze-epithelial ezidibanisa udonga lwamathumbu kufuneka zijamelane neemeko eziguquguqukayo ze-osmotic eziveliswa yimixholo ye-luminal ngexesha lokugaya izondlo.Ngexesha elifanayo, ezi seli zamathumbu kufuneka zilawule ukutshintshiselana kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kunye ne-plasma.Ukuze ukhusele iiseli ezisuka kule mingeni, i-betaine organic concentration ibalulekile kwi-betaine. izicubu, umxholo we-betaine kwizicubu zamathumbu uphezulu kakhulu.Ukongezelela, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba la manqanaba achaphazelekayo yi-concentration ye-betaine yokutya.Iiseli ezilungelelanisiweyo ziya kuba nokwanda okungcono kunye nobuchule obungcono bokubuyiswa.Ngoko ke, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukunyusa izinga le-betaine yeehagu kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kunye nobunzulu be-ileal crypts, i-ileal crypts.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukunyuka kokuphakama kwe-villi kwi-duodenum, i-jejunum, kunye ne-ileum kunokubonwa, kodwa kwakungekho mpembelelo kubunzulu be-crypts.Njengoko kubonwa kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezisuleleke nge-coccidia, umphumo wokukhusela we-betaine kwisakhiwo samathumbu unokubaluleka ngakumbi phantsi kwemingeni ethile (osmotic).
Isithintelo samathumbu ikakhulu siqulunqwe ngamaseli e-epithelial, adityaniswe omnye komnye ngeeprotheyini ezidibeneyo.Ukunyaniseka kwesi sithintelo kubalulekile ukukhusela ukungena kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye neebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic, ezinokuthi zibangele ukuvuvukala.Kwiihagu, impembelelo engafanelekanga yesithintelo samathumbu ithathwa njengesiphumo sokungcola kwe-mycotoxin okanye uxinzelelo olubi kwisondlo.
Ukuze kulinganiswe impembelelo kwimpembelelo yesithintelo, iimvavanyo ze-vitro zemigca yeeseli zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuxhatshazwa kombane we-transepithelial (TEER) .Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-betaine, i-TEER ephuculweyo inokubonwa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-vitro.Xa ibhetri ibonakaliswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu (42 ° C), i-TEER iya kuncipha (Umfanekiso 2) . ebonisa ukwanda kokumelana nobushushu.
Umfanekiso we-2-In vitro iziphumo zokushisa okuphezulu kunye ne-betaine kwi-cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Ukongezelela, kwisifundo se-vivo kwi-piglets, ukubonakaliswa okwandisiweyo kweeprotheni ezidibeneyo (i-occludin, i-claudin1, kunye ne-zonula occludens-1) kwi-jejunum tissue yezilwanyana ezifumene i-1,250 mg / kg i-betaine yalinganiswa xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula.Ukongezelela, njengommakishi we-intestinal mucosaldase umonakalo, le ntshukumo ye-diamine oxidic yanciphisa kakhulu kwi-diamine oxid isithintelo esinamandla samathumbu.Xa i-betaine yongezwa ekutyeni kweehagu ezikhulayo ezikhulayo, ukunyuka kwamathumbu emathunjini kwakulinganiswa ngexesha lokuxhelwa.
Kungekudala, uphando oluninzi luye lwadibanisa i-betaine kwinkqubo ye-antioxidant kwaye ichaza ukunciphisa i-radicals yamahhala, ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nokuphucula umsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayisebenzi nje njenge-osmoprotectant kwizilwanyana.Ukongezelela, iibhaktheriya ezininzi zinokuqokelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis okanye ukuthutha ukusuka kwindalo.Kukho iimpawu zokuba i-betaine ingaba nefuthe elihle kwinani leebhaktheriya kwi-gastrointestinal ye-piglets ezilunyulweyo.Inani elipheleleyo lebhaktheriya ye-ileal, kunye ne-lactobacilli eyonyukileyo, ngakumbi i-bictobacilli ephantsi. I-Enterobacter yafunyanwa kwilindle.
Ekugqibeleni, kubonwa ukuba umphumo we-betaine kwimpilo yamathumbu eengulube ezilunyuliweyo kukunciphisa izinga lohudo.Lo mphumo unokuxhomekeka kwi-dose: isongezelelo sokutya i-2,500 mg / kg betaine sisebenza ngakumbi kune-1,250 mg / kg ye-betaine ekunciphiseni izinga lohudo.Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba amabini ophando abonisa ukuba iihagu zophando ziye zabonisa ukuba ezinye iihagu ziye zabonisa ukuba iihagu ezifanayo ziye zabonisa ukuba ezinye iihagu zophando ziye zabonisa. xa i-800 mg/kg ye-betaine yongezwa, izinga kunye nesiganeko sohudo kumantshontsho eehagu olunyuliweyo sisezantsi.
I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa malunga ne-1.8, ekhokelela ekuhlukaneni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokungena, ekhokelela kwi-acidification yesisu.
Ukutya okunomdla yi-acidification enokubakho ye-betaine hydrochloride njengomthombo we-betaine.Kwiyeza lomntu, izongezo ze-betaine HCl zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kunye ne-pepsin ukuxhasa abantu abaneengxaki zesisu kunye neengxaki zokugaya.Kule meko, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetyenziselwa njengomthombo okhuselekileyo we-hydrochloric acid.Nangona kungekho lwazi kule propati i-hydrochlorigde iqulethe i-hydrochlorigde feed enokuthi iqulethe i-hydrochlorigde yokutya kakhulu kubalulekile.
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-pH yejusi yesisu yeehagu ezilunyulweyo inokuba phezulu (pH> 4), nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor kwi-precursor yayo ye-pepsinogen.Ukwetyisa iprotheni efanelekileyo ayibalulekanga kuphela kwizilwanyana ukuba zifumane ukufumaneka kakuhle kwesi sondlo.Ukongezelela, iprotheni ye-indigestion ingabangela ukwanda kwe-postunistic pathogen kunye nengxaki ye-postunistic yokwanda kwe-postunistic. i-diarrhea.I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa malunga ne-1.8, ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokungena, ekhokelela kwi-acidification yesisu.
Le reacidification yexesha elifutshane iye yabonwa kuphononongo lokuqala ebantwini kunye nezifundo in dogs.Emva idosi enye 750 mg okanye 1,500 mg betaine hydrochloride, pH yesisu sezinja ngaphambili iphathwe nge-gastric acid ekunciphiseni agents lehle kakhulu ukusuka malunga 7 ukuya pH 2.Noko ke, ekulawuleni ezinganyangwayo ukuba izinja i pHtaine engazange iphathwe, yayingekho izinja ezinganyangeki Ukongezwa kweHCl.
I-Betaine inefuthe elihle kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo.Olu phononongo loncwadi lugxininisa amathuba ahlukeneyo e-betaine ukuxhasa ukucolwa kwesondlo kunye nokufunxa, ukuphucula imiqobo yokukhusela ngokomzimba, ukuphembelela i-microbiota, kunye nokuphucula amandla okukhusela amantshontsho.