Isishwankathelo

Eyona nkqubela phambili yophando lwe-carbohydrate kwisondlo sehagu kunye nempilo kukuhlulwahlulwa okucacileyo kwe-carbohydrate, engasekelwanga kuphela kwisakhiwo sayo seekhemikhali, kodwa ikwasekelwe kwiimpawu zayo zomzimba. Ukongeza ekubeni ngumthombo wamandla ophambili, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ze-carbohydrate ziluncedo kwisondlo kunye nemisebenzi yempilo yeehagu. Zibandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokusebenza kwamathumbu eehagu, ukulawula uluntu lwe-microbial yamathumbu, kunye nokulawula imetabolism ye-lipids kunye ne-glucose. Indlela esisiseko ye-carbohydrate ngokusebenzisa ii-metabolites zayo (ii-short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) kwaye ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk kunye ne-scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ukulawula imetabolism yamafutha kunye ne-glucose. Izifundo ezintsha zivavanye indibaniselwano efanelekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ze-carbohydrate, ezinokuphucula ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokugaywa kwezondlo, zikhuthaze ukusebenza kwamathumbu, kwaye zonyuse ubuninzi beebhaktheriya ezivelisa i-butyrate kwiihagu. Ngokubanzi, ubungqina obunamandla buxhasa umbono wokuba ii-carbohydrate zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yesondlo kunye nempilo yeehagu. Ukongeza, ukumisela ukwakheka kwe-carbohydrate kuya kuba nexabiso eliqikelelweyo nelisebenzayo ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yokulinganisela i-carbohydrate kwiihagu.

1. Intshayelelo

Iicarbohydrate zePolymeric, istarch kunye neepolysaccharides ezingezizo istarch (NSP) zezona zinto ziphambili zokutya kunye nemithombo yamandla ephambili yeehagu, ezibalelwa kwi-60% - 70% yomthamo wamandla uphela (Bach Knudsen). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iintlobo ngeentlobo kunye nolwakhiwo lweecarbohydrate zintsonkothile kakhulu, ezinemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwiihagu. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ukondla ngestarch nge-amylose eyahlukileyo kwi-amylose (AM / AP) ratio inempendulo ebonakalayo kwimpilo yokusebenza kokukhula kweehagu (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ifayibha yokutya, equlunqwe kakhulu yi-NSP, kukholelwa ukuba inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezondlo kunye nexabiso lamandla acocekileyo kwizilwanyana ezihlala kwisisu esinye (NOBLET kunye no-le, 2001). Nangona kunjalo, ukutya ifayibha yokutya akuzange kuyichaphazele indlela yokukhula kweehagu ezincinci (Han & Lee, 2005). Ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba ifayibha yokutya iphucula indlela umzimba osebenza ngayo kunye nomsebenzi wokuthintela amantshontsho eehagu, kwaye inciphisa ukwanda kwesifo sohudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Ke ngoko, kungxamisekile ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo iicarbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo ekutyeni, ingakumbi ukutya okutyebileyo kwifayibha. Iimpawu zesakhiwo kunye ne-taxonomic zeecarbohydrate kunye nemisebenzi yazo yesondlo kunye nempilo yeehagu kufuneka zichazwe kwaye ziqwalaselwe kwiifomyula zokutya. I-NSP kunye nesitatshi esinganyangekiyo (RS) zezona carbohydrate ziphambili ezinganyityiyo (wey et al., 2011), ngelixa i-microbiota yamathumbu ivundisa iicarbohydrate ezinganyityiyo zibe zii-fatty acids ezimfutshane (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Ukongeza, ezinye ii-oligosaccharides kunye nee-polysaccharides zithathwa njengee-probiotics zezilwanyana, ezinokusetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza umlinganiselo weLactobacillus kunye neBifidobacterium emathunjini (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Ukongeza kwi-Oligosaccharide kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kuphucula ukwakheka kwe-intestinal microbiota (de Lange et al., 2010). Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-antimicrobial kwimveliso yeengulube, kubalulekile ukufumana ezinye iindlela zokufezekisa impilo entle yezilwanyana. Kukho ithuba lokongeza iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-carbohydrates ekutyeni kweengulube. Ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba indibaniselwano efanelekileyo yesitatshi, i-NSP kunye ne-MOS inokukhuthaza ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokugaywa kwezondlo, yonyuse inani leebhaktheriya ezivelisa i-butyrate, kwaye iphucule i-lipid metabolism yeengulube ezilunyulweyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Ngoko ke, injongo yale phepha kukuphonononga uphando lwangoku malunga nendima ephambili ye-carbohydrate ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokusebenza kwamathumbu, ukulawula uluntu lweentsholongwane zamathumbu kunye nempilo yemetabolism, kunye nokuphonononga indibaniselwano ye-carbohydrate yeengulube.

2. Uhlu lweekhabhohayidreyithi

Iicarbohydrate zokutya zingahlulwa-hlulwa ngokobukhulu bazo beemolekyuli, iqondo lepolymerization (DP), uhlobo lonxibelelwano (a okanye b) kunye nokwakheka kweemonomers ngazinye (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba udidi oluphambili lweecarbohydrate lusekelwe kwiDP yazo, njengeemonosaccharides okanye iidisaccharides (DP, 1-2), ii-oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) kunye neepolysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), ezenziwe ngestarch, i-NSP kunye neebhondi ze-glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Itheyibhile 1). Uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali luyimfuneko ukuqonda imiphumo ye-physiological kunye nempilo yeecarbohydrate. Ngokuchongwa kweekhemikhali okubanzi kweecarbohydrate, kunokwenzeka ukuzihlanganisa ngokwemiphumo yazo yempilo kunye neyomzimba kwaye uzibandakanye kwisicwangciso sokwahlulwa ngokubanzi (englyst et al., 2007). Iicarbohydrate (ii-monosaccharides, ii-disaccharides, kunye ne-starch ezininzi) ezinokugaywa zii-enzymes ezihlala kuzo kwaye zifunxwe emathunjini amancinci zichazwa njengeecarbohydrate ezigaywayo okanye ezikhoyo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Iicarbohydrate ezinganyangekiyo ekugayweni kwamathumbu, okanye ezifunxwe kakubi kwaye zigaywe kakuhle, kodwa zinokonakala ngenxa yokubiliswa kweentsholongwane zithathwa njengeecarbohydrate ezinganyangekiyo, njenge-NSP eninzi, ii-oligosaccharides ezingagaywanga kunye ne-RS. Ngokusisiseko, iicarbohydrate ezinganyangekiyo zichazwa njengezingagaywayo okanye ezingasetyenziswayo, kodwa zibonelela ngenkcazo echanekileyo ngakumbi yohlu lweecarbohydrate (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 Ukusebenza kokukhula

Isitatshi senziwe ziintlobo ezimbini ze-polysaccharides. I-Amylose (AM) luhlobo lwesitatshi esithe ngqo se-α (1-4) dextran edityanisiweyo, i-amylopectin (AP) yi-α (1-4) dextran edityanisiweyo, equlathe malunga ne-5% ye-dextran α (1-6) ukwenza imolekyuli enamasebe (tester et al., 2004). Ngenxa yokwakheka kweemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo, iistatshi ezityebileyo ze-AP kulula ukuzigaya, ngelixa iistatshi ezityebileyo ze-am azilula ukuzigaya (Singh et al., 2010). Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ukondla istatshi nge-AM / AP ratios ezahlukeneyo kuneempendulo ezibalulekileyo kwi-physiological performance ekukhuleni kweehagu (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ukutya okutyiwayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutya kweehagu ezilunyulweyo kwehla ngokwanda kwe-AM (regmi et al., 2011). Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obuvelayo buxela ukuba ukutya okune-am ephezulu kwandisa inzuzo yemihla ngemihla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutya kweehagu ezikhulayo (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Ukongeza, ezinye izazinzulu zibike ukuba ukondla ii-AM / AP ezahlukeneyo zesitatshi akuzange kuchaphazele ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezilunyulweyo (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ngelixa ukutya okuphezulu kwe-AP kwandisa ukugaywa kwezondlo kweehagu ezilunyulweyo (Gao et al., 2020A). I-fiber yokutya yinxalenye encinci yokutya okuvela kwizityalo. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba i-fiber ephezulu yokutya inxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okuphantsi kwezondlo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lamandla acocekileyo (noble & Le, 2001). Ngokuchaseneyo, ukutya okuphakathi kwefayibha akuzange kuchaphazele ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezilunyulweyo (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Iziphumo zefayibha yokutya ekusetyenzisweni kwezondlo kunye nexabiso lamandla acocekileyo zichaphazeleka ziimpawu zefayibha, kwaye imithombo eyahlukeneyo yefayibha inokwahluka kakhulu (lndber, 2014). Kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo, ukongezwa ngefayibha yeembotyi kwakunezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kokutya kunokondla ifayibha yombona, ifayibha yesoya kunye nefayibha yengqolowa (Chen et al., 2014). Ngokufanayo, amantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo aphathwe ngefayibha yombona kunye nefayibha yengqolowa abonise ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya kunye nokunyuka kobunzima kunalawo aphathwe nge-soya hull (Zhao et al., 2018). Okunomdla kukuba, bekungekho mahluko ekusebenzeni kokukhula phakathi kweqela lefayibha yengqolowa kunye neqela le-inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Ukongeza, xa kuthelekiswa namantshontsho eehagu kwiqela le-cellulose kunye neqela le-xylan, ukongezwa kwakungcono kakhulu. I-Glucan iphazamisa ukusebenza kokukhula kwamantshontsho eehagu (Wu et al., 2018). Ii-Oligosaccharides zii-carbohydrate ezinobunzima obuphantsi beemolekyuli, eziphakathi kweswekile kunye nee-polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Zineempawu ezibalulekileyo ze-physiological kunye ne-physicochemical, kubandakanya ixabiso eliphantsi le-calorific kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweebhaktheriya eziluncedo, ngoko ke zingasetyenziswa njenge-probiotics yokutya (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto kunye ne-mancilha, 2007). Ukongezwa kwe-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kunokuphucula ukugaywa kwezondlo, kunciphise ukwanda kwesifo sohudo kwaye kuphucule indlela umzimba osebenza ngayo, ngaloo ndlela kuphucule ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezilunyulweyo (Zhou et al., 2012). Ukongeza, ukutya okongeziweyo nge-cos kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokuzala kweehagu (inani leehagu eziphilayo) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) kunye nokusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezikhulayo (wontae et al., 2008). Ukongezwa kwe-MOS kunye ne-fructooligosaccharide nako kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Ezi ngxelo zibonisa ukuba iicarbohydrate ezahlukeneyo zinefuthe elahlukileyo ekusebenzeni kokukhula kweehagu (itheyibhile 2a).

3.2 Umsebenzi wamathumbu

Isitatshi esine-am/ap ratio ephezulu sinokuphucula impilo yamathumbu (i-tribyrin(ingakhusela ihagu) ngokukhuthaza imo yamathumbu kunye nokulawula ukusebenza kwamathumbu okunxulumene nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kwiihagu ezilunyulwayo (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Umlinganiselo wokuphakama kwe-villi ukuya kubude be-villi kunye nobunzulu be-recess ye-ileum kunye ne-jejunum wawuphezulu xa unikwa ukutya okuphezulu kwe-am, kwaye izinga elipheleleyo le-apoptosis yamathumbu amancinci laliphantsi. Kwangaxeshanye, kwakwandisa nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithintelayo kwi-duodenum kunye ne-jejunum, ngelixa kwiqela eliphezulu le-AP, imisebenzi ye-sucrose kunye ne-maltase kwi-jejunum yeehagu ezilunyulweyo yanda (Gao et al., 2020b). Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wangaphambili ufumanise ukuba ukutya okutyebileyo kwe-am rich kunciphisa i-pH kunye nokutya okutyebileyo kwe-AP kwandisa inani lilonke leebhaktheriya kwi-caecum yeehagu ezilunyulweyo (Gao et al., 2020A). I-fiber yokutya yinxalenye ephambili echaphazela uphuhliso lwamathumbu kunye nokusebenza kweehagu. Ubungqina obuqokelelweyo bubonisa ukuba ifayibha yokutya iphucula indlela ezisebenza ngayo izisu kunye nomsebenzi wokuthintela iihagu ezilunyulweyo, kwaye inciphisa ukwanda kwesifo sorhudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Ukunqongophala kwefayibha yokutya kwandisa ukuthambekela kwezifo kwaye kuphazamisa umsebenzi wokuthintela i-mucosa yamathumbu (Desai et al., 2016), ngelixa ukondla ngefayibha enganyibilikiyo kakhulu kunokuthintela izifo ngokwandisa ubude be-villi kwiihagu (hedemann et al., 2006). Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zefayibha zinemiphumo eyahlukileyo kumsebenzi wokuthintela i-colon kunye ne-ileum. I-wheat bran kunye ne-pea fibers zonyusa umsebenzi wokuthintela isisu ngokulawula ukubonakaliswa kwe-TLR2 gene kunye nokuphucula uluntu lweentsholongwane zamathumbu xa kuthelekiswa ne-corn kunye ne-soybean fibers (Chen et al., 2015). Ukufunxwa kwe-pea fiber ixesha elide kunokulawula ukubonakaliswa kwe-gene okanye i-protein enxulumene ne-metabolism, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe umqobo wamathumbu kunye nomsebenzi wokuzikhusela (Che et al., 2014). I-Inulin ekutyeni ingathintela ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu kumantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo ngokunyusa ukungena kwamathumbu (Awad et al., 2013). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba indibaniselwano ye-soluble (i-inulin) kunye ne-insoluble fiber (cellulose) isebenza ngcono kuneyodwa, nto leyo enokuphucula ukufunxwa kwezondlo kunye nomsebenzi wokuthintela amathumbu kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo (Chen et al., 2019). Impembelelo ye-dietary fiber kwi-intestinal mucosa ixhomekeke kumacandelo azo. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba i-xylan ikhuthaza umsebenzi wokuthintela amathumbu, kunye notshintsho kwi-bacterial spectrum kunye ne-metabolites, kwaye i-glucan ikhuthaza umsebenzi wokuthintela amathumbu kunye nempilo ye-mucosal, kodwa ukongezwa kwe-cellulose akuzange kubonise iziphumo ezifanayo kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo (Wu et al., 2018). Ii-Oligosaccharides zingasetyenziswa njengemithombo yekhabhoni ye-microorganisms kwi-upper gut endaweni yokuba zigaywe kwaye zisetyenziswe. Ukongezwa kwe-fructose kunokunyusa ubukhulu be-intestinal mucosa, imveliso ye-butyric acid, inani lee-recessive cells kunye nokwanda kwee-intestinal epithelial cells kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Ii-oligosaccharides zePectin zinokuphucula ukusebenza kwesithintelo samathumbu kwaye zinciphise umonakalo wamathumbu obangelwa yi-rotavirus kumantshontsho eehagu (Mao et al., 2017). Ukongeza, kufunyenwe ukuba i-cos inokukhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwe-mucosa yamathumbu kwaye inyuse kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithintelayo kumantshontsho eehagu (WAN, Jiang, et al. ngendlela ebanzi, ezi zibonisa ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-carbohydrate zinokuphucula ukusebenza kwamathumbu kumantshontsho eehagu (itheyibhile 2b).

Isishwankathelo kunye neProspect

I-carbohydrate yeyona mthombo wamandla ophambili weehagu, equlunqwe zii-monosaccharides ezahlukeneyo, ii-disaccharides, ii-oligosaccharides kunye nee-polysaccharides. Amagama asekelwe kwiimpawu zomzimba anceda ekugxileni kwimisebenzi yempilo enokubakho yee-carbohydrates kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kokuhlelwa kwee-carbohydrates. Izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zee-carbohydrates zinefuthe elahlukileyo ekugcineni ukusebenza kokukhula, ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kwamathumbu kunye nokulinganisela kweentsholongwane, kunye nokulawula imetabolism ye-lipid kunye ne-glucose. Indlela enokwenzeka yokulawula i-carbohydrate yemetabolism ye-lipid kunye ne-glucose isekelwe kwi-metabolites zazo (ii-SCFAs), ezivundiswa yi-intestinal microbiota. Ngokukodwa, i-carbohydrate ekutyeni inokulawula imetabolism ye-glucose ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY kunye ne-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, kwaye ilawule imetabolism ye-lipid ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41 kunye neendlela ze-amp / atp-ampk. Ukongeza, xa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-carbohydrates zikwindibaniselwano engcono, ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nomsebenzi wezempilo weehagu kunokuphuculwa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imisebenzi enokwenzeka ye-carbohydrate kwiproteni kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kunye nokulawulwa kwe-metabolic iya kufunyanwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-proteomics ezisebenzayo eziphezulu, i-genomics kunye ne-metabonomics. Okokugqibela kodwa okungabalulekanga, uvavanyo lweendibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo ze-carbohydrate yimfuneko yokufunda ukutya okuhlukeneyo kwe-carbohydrate kwimveliso yehagu.

Umthombo: Ijenali yeSayensi yeZilwanyana