I-Betaine inefuthe elihle emathunjini eehagu ezilunyulweyo, kodwa idla ngokulibaleka xa kucingwa ngezongezo ezinokubakho zokuxhasa impilo yamathumbu okanye ukunciphisa iingxaki ezinxulumene norhudo olukhutshwayo. Ukongeza i-betaine njengesondlo esisebenzayo sokondla izilwanyana kunokuchaphazela izilwanyana ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, i-betaine inamandla amakhulu okunikela ngeqela le-methyl, ikakhulu kwisibindi sesilwanyana. Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqela e-methyl angaqinisekanga, ukwenziwa kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine kunye ne-creatine kuyaphuculwa. Ke ngoko, i-betaine ichaphazela iproteni, i-lipid kunye ne-metabolism yamandla yezilwanyana, ngaloo ndlela itshintsha ngokuyingenelo ukwakheka kwesidumbu.
Okwesibini, i-betaine ingongezwa ekutyeni njengesixhobo sokukhusela esiphilayo. I-Betaine isebenza njenge-osmoprotectant, inceda iiseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukuba zigcine ulungelelwano lolwelo kunye nomsebenzi weeseli, ingakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo. Umzekelo owaziwayo yimpembelelo eluncedo ye-betaine kwizilwanyana ezinengxaki yoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Iziphumo ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo ekusebenzeni kwezilwanyana zichazwe njengesiphumo sokongezwa kwe-betaine ngendlela ye-anhydrous okanye i-hydrochloride. Eli nqaku liza kugxila kumathuba amaninzi okusebenzisa i-betaine njengesongezelelo sokondla ukuxhasa impilo yamathumbu kumantshontsho eehagu akhutshiweyo.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-betaine zibike ngemiphumo ye-betaine ekugayweni kwezakhamzimba kwi-ileum nakwi-colon yeehagu. Ukuphononongwa okuphindaphindiweyo kokwanda kokugaywa kwefayibha kwi-ileum (ifayibha ekrwada okanye i-neutral kunye ne-acid detergent fiber) kubonisa ukuba i-betaine ivuselela ukubila kwebhaktheriya emathunjini amancinci kuba ama-enterocytes awenzi ii-enzymes ezitshabalalisa ifayibha. Iindawo zezityalo ezinefayibha ziqulathe izondlo ezinokukhululwa xa iifayibha ze-microbial zibola. Ngoko ke, kwabonwa ukuphucuka kokugaywa kwezinto ezomileyo kunye nothuthu olukrwada. Kwinqanaba lendlela yonke yesisu, amantshontsho eehagu atya ukutya kwe-800 mg ye-betaine/kg abonise ukugaywa okuphuculweyo kweproteni ekrwada (+6.4%) kunye nezinto ezomileyo (+4.2%). Ukongeza, olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ukugaywa okubonakalayo kweproteni ekrwada (+3.7%) kunye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kuphuculwe ngokuncediswa kwe-betaine kwi-1250 mg/kg.
Esinye isizathu esinokwenzeka sokwanda okubonakalayo kokufunxwa kwezondlo yimpembelelo ye-betaine kwimveliso yee-enzyme. Uphononongo lwakutshanje olwenziwe kwi-in vivo malunga nemiphumo yokongezwa kwe-betaine kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo luhlolisise umsebenzi wee-enzymes zokugaya ukutya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kunye ne-chymotrypsin) kwi-digesta (Umzobo 1). Umsebenzi wazo zonke ii-enzymes wanda, ngaphandle kwe-maltase, kwaye umphumo we-betaine wawubonakala ngakumbi kwidosi ye-2500 mg ye-betaine/kg yokutya kunakwidosi ye-1250 mg/kg yokutya. Umsebenzi owandisiweyo unokubangelwa kukwanda kwemveliso yee-enzyme, kodwa unokubangelwa kukwanda kokusebenza kwee-enzymes. Uvavanyo lwe-in vitro lubonise ukuba imisebenzi ye-trypsin kunye ne-amylase iyathintelwa ngokudala uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-osmotic ngokongezwa kwe-NaCl. Kolu vavanyo, ukongezwa kwe-betaine kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kubuyisele umphumo wokuthintela we-NaCl kwaye kwaphucula umsebenzi wee-enzyme. Nangona kunjalo, xa kungekho sodium chloride yongezwayo kwisisombululo se-buffer, i-betaine inclusion complex ayizange ibe nefuthe kumsebenzi we-enzyme kumanqanaba aphantsi, kodwa yabonisa isiphumo sokuthintela kumanqanaba aphezulu.
Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhula kunye namazinga okuguqulwa kokutya kwiihagu ezityiwa yi-betaine yokutya, kunye nokuphuculwa kokugaywa. Ukongeza i-betaine ekutyeni kweehagu kukwanciphisa iimfuno zamandla esilwanyana. Ingcamango yale mpembelelo ibonwayo kukuba xa i-betaine ifumaneka ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwangaphakathi kwiseli, imfuneko yeepompo ze-ion (inkqubo efuna amandla) iyancitshiswa. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko apho ukungenisa amandla kunqongophele, impembelelo yokongezwa kwe-betaine kulindeleke ukuba ibe nkulu ngokwandisa ukukhula endaweni yokugcina iimfuno zamandla.
Iiseli ze-epithelial zodonga lwamathumbu kufuneka zijongane neemeko ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezidalwe kukuqulatho lwe-lumen yamathumbu ngexesha lokugaywa kwezondlo. Kwangaxeshanye, ezi seli ze-epithelial zamathumbu zibalulekile ekulawuleni ukutshintshiselana kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kunye ne-plasma. Ukukhusela iiseli kwezi meko zinzima, i-betaine yinto ebalulekileyo engenela kwindalo. Ukuba ujonga ukuxinana kwe-betaine kwiithishu ezahlukeneyo, ungabona ukuba izicubu zamathumbu zinamanqanaba aphezulu e-betaine. Ukongeza, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba la manqanaba anokuchatshazelwa kukuxinana kwe-betaine yokutya. Iiseli ezilungelelanisiweyo kakuhle ziya kuba namandla okwanda ngcono kunye nokuzinza okuhle. Ngamafutshane, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukwanda kwamanqanaba e-betaine kwiingulube kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kunye nobunzulu be-ileal crypts, kwaye i-villi yaba yinto efanayo ngakumbi.
Kolunye uphando, ukunyuka kokuphakama kwe-villous ngaphandle kwempembelelo kubunzulu be-crypt kunokubonwa kwi-duodenum, i-jejunum, kunye ne-ileum. Isiphumo sokukhusela se-betaine kwisakhiwo samathumbu sinokuba sibaluleke ngakumbi kwizifo ezithile (ze-osmotic), njengoko kubonwe kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezine-coccidia.
Umqobo wamathumbu wenziwe ikakhulu ziiseli ze-epithelial ezinamathele omnye komnye ngeeproteni eziqinileyo zokuhlangana. Ukuthembeka kwalo mqobo kubalulekile ukuthintela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kunye neebhaktheriya ezibangela ukuvuvukala. Kwiihagu, iziphumo ezimbi kumqobo wamathumbu zicingelwa ukuba zibangelwa kukungcola kokutya ngee-mycotoxins okanye enye yeziphumo ezimbi zoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ukulinganisa isiphumo kwisiphumo somqobo, imigca yeseli idla ngokuvavanywa kwi-vitro ngokulinganisa ukumelana nombane we-transepithelial (TEER). Uphuculo kwi-TEER luye lwabonwa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-in vitro ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-betaine. I-TEER iyancipha xa iiseli zichaphazeleka kubushushu obuphezulu (42°C) (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongezwa kwe-betaine kwindawo yokukhula kwezi seli ezishushu kuthintele ukwehla kwe-TEER, okubonisa ukuphuculwa kokunganyamezeli kwe-thermotolerance. Ukongeza, izifundo ze-in vivo kumantshontsho eehagu zityhile ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kweeproteni ze-tight junction (occludin, claudin1 kunye ne-zonula occlusions-1) kwizicubu ze-jejunal zezilwanyana ezifumana i-betaine ngedosi ye-1250 mg/kg xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo. Ukongeza, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase, uphawu lomonakalo we-mucosal yamathumbu, wehliswa kakhulu kwi-plasma yezi hagu, okubonisa umqobo onamandla wamathumbu. Xa i-betaine yongezwa ekutyeni kweehagu ezigqibileyo, ukwanda kwamandla okuxinana kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ekuxhelweni.
Kutshanje, izifundo ezininzi zidibanise i-betaine nenkqubo ye-antioxidant kwaye zichaze ukwehla kwee-free radicals, ukwehla kwamanqanaba e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nokwanda komsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Uphononongo lwakutshanje kumantshontsho eehagu lubonise ukuba umsebenzi we-GSH-Px kwi-jejunum unyukile, ngelixa i-betaine yokutya ingenampembelelo kwi-MDA.
I-betaine ayisebenzi nje kuphela njenge-osmoprotector kwizilwanyana, kodwa iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo zinokuqokelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis okanye ukuthuthwa ukusuka kwindawo engqongileyo. Kukho ubungqina bokuba i-betaine inokuba nefuthe elihle kwizityalo zebhaktiriya zendlela yokugaya ukutya kwamantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo. Inani lilonke leebhaktiriya ze-ileal landa, ngakumbi i-bifidobacteria kunye ne-lactobacilli. Ukongeza, inani eliphantsi le-Enterobacteriaceae lafunyanwa kwindle.
Isiphumo sokugqibela esibonwe yi-betaine kwimpilo yamathumbu kumantshontsho eehagu ancancisiweyo yayikukunciphisa ukwanda korhudo. Esi siphumo sinokuxhomekeka kwidosi: ukongezwa kokutya nge-betaine kwidosi ye-2500 mg/kg kwakusebenza ngakumbi ekunciphiseni ukwanda korhudo kune-betaine kwidosi ye-1250 mg/kg. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwamantshontsho eehagu ancancisayo kwakufana kuwo omabini amanqanaba okongezwa. Abanye abaphandi babonise amazinga aphantsi orhudo kunye nokugula kumantshontsho eehagu ancancisiweyo xa kongezwa nge-800 mg/kg ye-betaine.
Okunomdla kukuba, i-betaine hydrochloride ineziphumo ezinokubangela i-asidi njengomthombo we-betaine. Kwizonyango, izongezo ze-betaine hydrochloride zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye ne-pepsin ukunceda abantu abaneengxaki zesisu kunye nokugaya ukutya. Kule meko, i-betaine hydrochloride isebenza njengomthombo okhuselekileyo we-hydrochloric acid. Nangona kungekho lwazi lufumanekayo malunga nale propati xa i-betaine hydrochloride ifakiwe ekutyeni kweehagu, inokuba yinto ebalulekileyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba kwiihagu ezilunyulweyo i-pH yesisu inokuba phezulu (pH > 4), ngaloo ndlela iphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-enzyme ye-pepsin protein-degrading kwi-precursor pepsinogen yayo. Ukugaya iiproteni ngendlela efanelekileyo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ukuze izilwanyana zikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo esi sondlo. Ukongeza, iiproteni ezingagaywanga kakuhle zinokukhokelela ekwandeni okungeyomfuneko kweentsholongwane ezinethuba kwaye zenze ingxaki yorhudo emva kokulunyulwa. I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa elimalunga ne-1.8, elibangela ukuba i-betaine hydrochloride ihlukane xa ityiwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-asidi yesisu ikhule. Oku kuphinda kube yi-asidi okwexeshana kuye kwabonwa kwizifundo zokuqala zabantu nakwizifundo zezinja. Izinja ezazinyangwe ngaphambili ngezithomalalisi ze-asidi ziye zehla kakhulu kwi-pH yesisu ukusuka kwi-pH esimalunga ne-7 ukuya kwi-pH yesi-2 emva komthamo omnye we-750 mg okanye i-1500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinja ezilawulayo ezingazange zifumane iyeza, i-pH yesisu yehle kakhulu. Malunga nezimbini, nokuba i-betaine HCl ithathwa kangakanani.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com