I. Isishwankathelo soMsebenzi onguNdoqo
I-Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) sisongezelelo sesondlo esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwi-aquaculture. Ekuqaleni yafunyaniswa njengeyona nto iphambili ekutsaleni umxhesho kwintlanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngophando olunzulu, imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomzimba iye yatyhilwa, iyenza ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuphucula impilo kunye nokusebenza kokukhula kwezilwanyana zasemanzini.

II. Izicelo eziphambili kunye neendlela zokuSebenza

1. Umtsalane wokutyisa okunamandla
Le yeyona ndima yakudala neyaziwayo ye-TMAO.

• Inkqubo: Iimveliso ezininzi zasemanzini, ngakumbiiintlanzi zaselwandle,ngokwendalo ziqulathe ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-TMAO, engumthombo ophambili wophawu lwe "umami" incasa yeentlanzi zaselwandle. Iinkqubo zokuvumba kunye nencasa yezilwanyana zasemanzini zivakalelwa kakhulu kwi-TMAO, ziqonda "njengophawu lokutya".
• Iziphumo:
  • Ukutya okwandisiweyo kokutya: Ukongeza i-TMAO ekutyeni kunokuvuselela kakhulu ukutya kweentlanzi kunye ne-shrimp, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuqala lokutya okanye kwiintlobo ezikhethiweyo, ngokukhawuleza ukubakhanga ukuba bazondle.
  • Ixesha Elincitshisiweyo Lokutya: Lenza lifutshane ixesha lokutya okuhlala emanzini, linciphisa ilahleko yokutya kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izidlo: Xa imithombo yeprotheyini yezityalo (umzekelo, ukutya kweembotyi zesoya) isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha i-fishmeal, ukongeza i-TMAO inokubuyisela ukunqongophala kwencasa kunye nokuphucula incasa yokutya.

2. I-Osmolyte (i-Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Lo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo we-TMAO kwiintlanzi zaselwandle kunye ne-diadromous fish.

• Inkqubo: Amanzi olwandle yimekobume ye-hyperosmotic, ebangela ukuba amanzi angaphakathi emzimbeni wentlanzi aqhubeke elahleka elwandle. Ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi lwamanzi, iintlanzi zaselwandle zisela amanzi olwandle kwaye ziqokelele ukugxila okuphezulu kwee-ion ze-inorganic (umz., Na⁺, Cl⁻). I-TMAO isebenza "njenge-solute ehambelanayo" enokuthi ithintele imiphumo ephazamisayo ye-ion concentrations kwi-protein structure, inceda ukuzinzisa umsebenzi weprotheyini ye-intracellular.
• Iziphumo:
  • UkuNcitshiswa kweNkcitho ye-Osmoregulatory Energy: Ukongezwa ngeTMAOinceda iintlanzi zaselwandle zilawule uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic ngokufanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela zikhokelela amandla amaninzi ukusuka "ekugcineni ubomi" ukuya "ekukhuleni nasekuveliseni".
  • Ukuphucula Ukunyamezela Uxinzelelo: Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokuguquguquka kwetyuwa okanye uxinzelelo lwendalo, ukuxhaswa kwe-TMAO kunceda ukugcina i-homeostasis yomzimba kunye nokuphucula amazinga okuphila.

3. Iprotheyini yokuzinzisa
I-TMAO inekhono elikhethekileyo lokukhusela i-dimensional structure ye-proteins.

• I-Mechanism: Phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo (umzekelo, ubushushu obuphezulu, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, uxinzelelo oluphezulu), iiprotheyini ziqhelekile kwi-denaturation kunye nokungasebenzi. I-TMAO inokunxibelelana ngokungathanga ngqo kunye neemolekyuli zeprotheyini, ngokukhethwa ngaphandle kweprotein's hydration sphere, ngaloo ndlela izinzisa i-thermodynamically imeko egotyiweyo yeprotheyini kunye nokuthintela i-denaturation.
• Iziphumo:
  • Ikhusela impilo yeGut: Ngexesha lokugaya, i-enzymes yamathumbu kufuneka ihlale isebenza. I-TMAO inokuzinzisa ezi enzymes zokugaya, ukuphucula ukutya kunye nokusetyenziswa.
  • Ukuphucula ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo: Ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu okanye ukuthutha, xa izilwanyana zasemanzini zijongene noxinzelelo lobushushu, i-TMAO inceda ukukhusela ukuzinza kweeprotheni ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo (umzekelo, i-enzymes, iiprotheni zesakhiwo) emzimbeni, ukunciphisa umonakalo onxulumene noxinzelelo.

4. Ukuphucula impilo yamathumbu kunye ne-Morphology

• I-Mechanism: Iziphumo ze-osmoregulatory kunye ne-protein-stabilizing ye-TMAO ngokubambisana zibonelela nge-microenvironment ezinzile kwiiseli zamathumbu. Inokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwe-intestinal villi, ukwandisa indawo yokufunxa.
• Iziphumo:
  • Ikhuthaza ukufunxwa kweSondlo: I-morphology yamathumbu enempilo ithetha umthamo ongcono wokufunxa izondlo, nto leyo engundoqo ekuphuculeni umlinganiselo wokuguqulwa kwesondlo.
  • Ukwandiswa komsebenzi woMthintelo wamathumbu: Unokunceda ukugcina ingqibelelo ye-intestinal mucosa, ukunciphisa ukuhlaselwa kwee-pathogens kunye ne-toxins.

5. I-Methyl Donor
I-TMAO inokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-metabolism ngaphakathi komzimba, isebenza njenge-methyl donor.

• Inkqubo: Ngexesha le-metabolism,TMAO inokubonelela ngamaqela e-methyl asebenzayo, athatha inxaxheba kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical reactions, ezifana ne-synthesis ye-phospholipids, i-creatine, kunye ne-neurotransmitters.
• Isiphumo: Ukukhuthaza ukukhula, ngakumbi ngexesha lezigaba zokukhula ngokukhawuleza apho imfuno yamaqela e-methyl inyuka; Ukuxhaswa kwe-TMAO kunokunceda ukuhlangabezana nale mfuno.

III. Iithagethi zeSicelo kunye neeNgqwalasela

• Ujoliso lweSicelo esiPhambili:
  • Iintlanzi zaseLwandle: ezifana ne-turbot, i-grouper, i-croaker enkulu emthubi, i-sea bass, njl.
  • Iintlanzi ze-Diadromous: Ezinje nge-salmonids (i-salmon), nazo zifuna ngexesha lokulima elwandle.
  • Iicrustaceans: Ezinje ngeeprawn/ishrimps kunye noononkala. Uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba i-TMAO inomtsalane olungileyo kunye neziphumo ezikhuthaza ukukhula.
  • Iintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo: Nangona iintlanzi zamanzi acwengileyo zingenzi i-TMAO ngokwazo, iinkqubo zabo zokuvumba zisenako ukuyibona, iyenza isebenze njengomtsalane wokutyisa. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi we-osmoregulatory awusebenzi kumanzi acocekileyo.
• Umthamo kunye noQwalaselo:
  • Umthamo: Inqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokongezwa kwisondlo lidla ngokuba yi-0.1% ukuya kwi-0.3% (oko kukuthi, 1-3 kg ngetoni nganye yokutya). Idosi ethile kufuneka imiselwe ngokusekwe kulingo oluthathela ingqalelo iintlobo ezikhuliswayo, inqanaba lokukhula, ukwenziwa kwesondlo, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo zamanzi.
  • Ubudlelwane kunye ne-Choline kunye ne-Betaine: I-Choline kunye ne-betaine ziyi-precursors kwi-TMAO kwaye inokuguqulwa kwi-TMAO emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, abanako ukuthatha indawo ngokupheleleyo ye-TMAO ngenxa yoguqulo olulinganiselweyo kunye ne-TMAO yomtsalane ekhethekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yokuzinzisa iprotheni. Enyanisweni, zisetyenziswa rhoqo nge-synergistically.
  • Imiba yokuDosa ngokugqithisileyo: Ukongezwa ngokugqithisileyo (ngaphezulu kakhulu kweedosi ezicetyiswayo) kunokukhokelela kwinkcitho yeendleko kwaye kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwiintlobo ezithile, kodwa okwangoku kuthathwa njengekhuselekile kumanqanaba okongeza aqhelekileyo.

IV. Isishwankathelo
I-Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) yinto efanelekileyo kakhulu, i-multifunctional feed additive in aquaculture edibanisa imisebenzi yokutya okukhangayo, ukulawulwa koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic, ukuzinza kweprotheni, kunye nokuphucula impilo yamathumbu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo akunyusi nje kuphela isantya sokutya kunye nesantya sokukhula kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kodwa ikwanyusa ngokungangqalanga ukusetyenziswa kwesondlo kunye nempilo yendalo ngokunciphisa inkcitho yamandla okuphila kunye nokomeleza ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo. Ekugqibeleni, ibonelela ngenkxaso enamandla yobugcisa ekunyuseni imveliso, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lokufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Kukutya kwasemanzini kwale mihla, ngakumbi ukondla kweentlanzi zaselwandle ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kube yeyona nto ibalulekileyo.