I. Isishwankathelo soMsebenzi oPhambili
I-Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) sisongezelelo sokudla esibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi emininzi kwizilwanyana zasemanzini. Ekuqaleni safunyanwa njengento etsala umdla wokutya kwintlanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngophando olunzulu, imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba iye yatyhilwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba sibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuphucula impilo kunye nokukhula kwezilwanyana zasemanzini.

II. Izicelo eziphambili kunye neendlela zokusebenza

1. Isithako esinamandla sokutya
Le yeyona ndima idumileyo neyaziwayo ye-TMAO.

• Indlela: Iimveliso ezininzi zasemanzini, ingakumbiiintlanzi zaselwandle,Ngokwendalo ziqulathe ubuninzi be-TMAO, engumthombo ophambili wencasa yeentlanzi zaselwandle ethi "umami". Iinkqubo zokuhombisa kunye nencasa zezilwanyana zasemanzini zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-TMAO, ziyibona njenge "siginali yokutya".
• Iziphumo:
  • Ukwanda Kokutya: Ukongeza i-TMAO ekutyeni kunokukhuthaza kakhulu umdla weentlanzi kunye nee-shrimp, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuqala kokutya okanye kwiintlobo ezithile, okubangela ukuba zikhawuleze zitye.
  • Ixesha Lokutya Elinciphileyo: Linciphisa ixesha lokutya elihlala emanzini, nto leyo enciphisa ukulahleka kokutya kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela zokutya: Xa imithombo yeprotheyini yezityalo (umz., umgubo wesoya) isetyenziswa endaweni yomgubo wentlanzi, ukongeza i-TMAO kunokulungisa ukungabikho kwencasa kwaye kuphucule ukutyeba kokutya.

2. I-Osmolyte (uMlawuli woXinzelelo lwe-Osmotic)
Lo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo we-TMAO kwintlanzi zaselwandle kunye neentlanzi ze-diadromous.

• Indlela yokusebenza: Amanzi olwandle yindawo exineneyo, ebangela ukuba amanzi emzimbeni wentlanzi ahlale elahleka elwandle. Ukuze kugcinwe ulungelelwano lwamanzi angaphakathi, iintlanzi zaselwandle zisela amanzi olwandle kwaye ziqokelela ubuninzi bee-ion ezingaphiliyo (umz., Na⁺, Cl⁻). I-TMAO isebenza "njengesinyibilikisi esihambelanayo" esinokulwa nemiphumo ephazamisayo yobuninzi bee-ion kwisakhiwo seproteni, inceda ekuzinziseni ukusebenza kweproteni yangaphakathi kweseli.
• Iziphumo:
  • Inkcitho Encitshisiweyo Yamandla E-Osmoregulatory: Ukongeza kwiI-TMAOinceda iintlanzi zaselwandle zilawule uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic ngokufanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela ziqondisa amandla angakumbi ukusuka "ekugcineni ubomi" ukuya "ekukhuleni nasekuzaleni".
  • Ukuphucula Ukunyamezela Uxinzelelo: Phantsi kweemeko zokuguquguquka kwetyuwa okanye uxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, ukongezwa kwe-TMAO kunceda ukugcina i-homeostasis yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuphucula amazinga okusinda.

3. IsiQinisekisi seProteni
I-TMAO inamandla akhethekileyo okukhusela ulwakhiwo lweeproteni olunemilinganiselo emithathu.

• Indlela yokusebenza: Phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo (umz., ubushushu obuphezulu, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, uxinzelelo oluphezulu), iiproteni zinokwahluka kwaye zingasebenzi. I-TMAO inokunxibelelana ngokungathanga ngqo neemolekyuli zeproteni, ikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwi-hydration sphere yeproteni, ngaloo ndlela izinzisa imeko yeproteni egobileyo kwaye ithintele ukonakala kwayo.
• Iziphumo:
  • Ikhusela Impilo Yamathumbu: Ngexesha lokugaya, ii-enzyme zamathumbu kufuneka zihlale zisebenza. I-TMAO inokuzinzisa ezi enzymes zokugaya ukutya, iphucule ukugaywa kokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa.
  • Iphucula Ukumelana Noxinzelelo: Ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu okanye ngexesha lokuthuthwa, xa izilwanyana zasemanzini zijongene noxinzelelo lobushushu, i-TMAO inceda ekukhuseleni uzinzo lweeproteni ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo (umz., ii-enzymes, iiproteni zesakhiwo) emzimbeni, inciphisa umonakalo onxulumene noxinzelelo.

4. Iphucula impilo yamathumbu kunye nokwakheka kwawo

• Indlela yokusebenza: Iziphumo ze-TMAO zokuzinzisa i-osmoregulatory kunye ne-protein-stabilizing zibonelela ngendawo engqongileyo ezinzileyo kwiiseli zamathumbu. Ingakhuthaza uphuhliso lwe-intestinal villi, yonyusa indawo yomphezulu efunxayo.
• Iziphumo:
  • Ikhuthaza ukufunxwa kwezondlo: Indlela esempilweni yokwakheka kwamathumbu ithetha ukuba izakhamzimba ziyakwazi ukufunxwa ngcono, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni umlinganiselo wokuguqulwa kokutya.
  • Iphucula Umsebenzi Wokuthintela Amathumbu: Inokunceda ukugcina ukuthembeka kwe-mucosa yamathumbu, inciphise ukuhlasela kwezifo kunye neetyhefu.

5. Umnikeli weMethyl
I-TMAO inokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-metabolism emzimbeni, isebenza njengomnikeli we-methyl.

• Indlela yokusebenza: Ngexesha le-metabolism,I-TMAO inokubonelela ngamaqela e-methyl asebenzayo, athatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical, ezinje ngokwenziwa kwee-phospholipids, i-creatine, kunye nee-neurotransmitters.
• Isiphumo: Ikhuthaza ukukhula, ingakumbi ngexesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza apho imfuno yamaqela e-methyl iyanda; ukongezwa kwe-TMAO kunokunceda ukuhlangabezana nale mfuno.

III. Iithagethi kunye nezinto eziqwalaselwayo kwiSicelo

• Iinjongo eziphambili zesicelo:
  • Iintlanzi zasemanzini: Ezifana ne-turbot, i-grouper, i-croaker enkulu etyheli, i-sea bass, njl. Imfuneko yazo kwi-TMAO ibaluleke kakhulu kuba umsebenzi wayo we-osmoregulatory awufuneki.
  • Iintlanzi zeDiadromous: Ezifana neesalmonids (salmon), ezifuna nazo ngexesha lokufuya elwandle.
  • IiCrustaceans: Ezifana neeprawns/shrimps kunye neenkala. Izifundo zibonisa nokuba iTMAO inefuthe elihle lokutsala nokukhuthaza ukukhula.
  • Iintlanzi Zamanzi Amatsha: Nangona iintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo zingazenzi ii-TMAO ngokwazo, iinkqubo zazo zokuhombisa zisenokukwazi ukuzibona, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zisebenze njengomtsalane wokutya. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi we-osmoregulatory awusebenzi emanzini acocekileyo.
• Idosi kunye nezinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele:
  • Umlinganiselo: Inqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokongezwa kokutya lidla ngokuba yi-0.1% ukuya kwi-0.3% (oko kukuthi, i-1-3 kg ngetoni nganye yokutya). Umlinganiselo othile kufuneka umiselwe ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo oluqwalasela uhlobo olukhuliswe ngalo, inqanaba lokukhula, ukwakheka kokutya, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo emanzini.
  • Ubudlelwane neCholine kunye neBetaine: I-Choline kunye ne-betaine zizinto ezizandulela i-TMAO kwaye zinokuguqulwa zibe yi-TMAO emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, azinakuyitshintsha ngokupheleleyo i-TMAO ngenxa yokusebenza okuncinci kokuguqula kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo ye-TMAO yokutsala kunye nokuzinzisa iiproteni. Ngokwenyani, zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokubambisana.
  • Imiba Yokusebenzisa Imithamo Egqithisileyo: Ukongeza kakhulu (ngaphezulu kakhulu kwemithamo ecetyiswayo) kunokukhokelela ekuchithekeni kweendleko kwaye kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwiintlobo ezithile, kodwa okwangoku kuthathwa njengokukhuselekileyo kumanqanaba okongeza aqhelekileyo.

IV. Isishwankathelo
I-Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) sisongezelelo sokutya esisebenza kakuhle kakhulu nesisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwi-aquaculture esidibanisa imisebenzi yokutsala ukutya, ulawulo loxinzelelo lwe-osmotic, ukuzinzisa iiproteni, kunye nokuphucula impilo yamathumbu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo akupheleli nje ekunyuseni ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokungenisa ukutya kunye nesantya sokukhula kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kodwa kukwaphucula ngokungathanga ngqo ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nempilo yezinto eziphilayo ngokunciphisa iindleko zamandla omzimba kunye nokuqinisa ukumelana noxinzelelo. Ekugqibeleni, inika inkxaso enamandla yobugcisa yokwandisa imveliso, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezolimo zasemanzini. Kwisondlo samanzi sanamhlanje, ingakumbi ukutya kweentlanzi zaselwandle okuphezulu, ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo engabalulekanga.